With this play was opened the New Theatre,' under the direction of Betterton the tragedian; where he exhibited two years afterwards (1697) The Mourning Bride,' a tragedy, so written as to show him sufficiently qualified for either kind of dramatic poetry.

In this play, of which, when he afterwards revised it, he reduced the versification to greater regularity, there is more bustle than sentiment; the plot is busy and intricate, and the events take hold on the attention; but, except a very few passages, we are rather amused with noise, and perplexed with stratagem, than entertained with any true delineation of natural characters. This, however, was received with more benevolence than any other of his works, and still continues to be acted and applauded.

But whatever objections may be made either to his comic or tragic excellence, they are lost at once in the blaze of admiration, when it is remembered that he had produced these four plays before he had passed his twenty-fifth year, 10 before other men, even such as are some time to shine in eminence, have passed their probation of literature, or presume to hope for any other notice than such as is bestowed on diligence and inquiry. Among all the efforts of early genius which literary history records, I doubt whether any one can be produced that more surpasses the common limits of nature than the plays of Congreve.

About this time began the long-continued controversy between Collier and the poets. In the reign of Charles the First the Puritans had raised a violent clamour against the drama, which they considered as an entertainment not lawful to Christians-an opinion held by them in common with the Church of Rome; and Prynne published 'Histrio-mastix,' a huge volume, in which stage plays were censured. The outrages and crimes of the Puritans brought afterwards their whole system of doctrine into disrepute, and from the Restoration the poets and players were left at quiet; for to have molested them would have had the appearance of tendency to puritanical malignity.

This danger, however, was worn away by time; and Collier, a

• In Lincoln's Inn Fields, opened 30th April, 1695.
10 Rather his twenty-eighth year.

fierce and implacable Non-juror, knew that an attack upon the theatre would never make him suspected for a Puritan; he therefore (1698) published 'A short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage,' I believe with no other motive than religious zeal and honest indignation. He was formed for a controvertist: with sufficient learning; with diction vehement and pointed, though often vulgar and incorrect; with unconquerable pertinacity; with wit in the highest degree keen and sarcastic; and with all those powers exalted and invigorated by just confidence in his cause.

Thus qualified, and thus incited, he walked out to battle, and assailed at once most of the living writers, from Dryden to D'Urfey. His onset was violent: those passages which while they stood single had passed with little notice, when they were accumulated and exposed together, excited horror; the wise and the pious caught the alarm, and the nation wondered why it had so long suffered irreligion and licentiousness to be openly taught at the public charge.

Nothing now remained for the poets but to resist or fly. Dryden's conscience, or his prudence, angry as he was, withheld him from the conflict: Congreve and Vanbrugh attempted answers. Congreve, a very young man, elated with success, and impatient of censure, assumed an air of confidence and security. His chief artifice of controversy is to retort upon his adversary his own words: he is very angry, and, hoping to conquer Collier with his own weapons, allows himself in the use of every term of contumely and contempt but he has the sword without the arm of Scanderbeg; he has his antagonist's coarseness, but not his strength. Collier replied; for contest was his delight-he was not to be frighted from his purpose or his prey.

The cause of Congreve was not tenable: whatever glosses he might use for the defence or palliation of single passages, the general tenor and tendency of his plays must always be condemned. It is acknowledged, with universal conviction, that the perusal of his works will make no man better; and that their ultimate effect is to represent pleasure in alliance with vice, and to relax those obligations by which life ought to be regulated.

The stage found other advocates, and the dispute was protracted

through ten years: but at last Comedy grew more modest; and Collier lived to see the reward of his labour in the reformation of the theatre.

Of the powers by which this important victory was achieved, a quotation from 'Love for love,' and the remark upon it, may afford a specimen.

"Sir Samps.-Sampson's a very good name; for your Sampsons were strong dogs from the beginning.

"Angel. Have a care-if you remember, the strongest Sampson of your name pull'd an old house over his head at last.

"Here you have the Sacred History burlesqued; and Sampson once more brought into the house of Dagon, to make sport for the Philistines !"

11

Congreve's last play was 'The Way of the World ;""1 which, though as he hints in his dedication it was written with great labour and much thought, was received with so little favour, that, being in a high degree offended and disgusted, he resolved to commit his quiet and his fame no more to the caprices of an audience.

From this time his life ceased to be public; he lived for himself and for his friends; and among his friends was able to name every man of his time whom wit and elegance had raised to reputation. It may be therefore reasonably supposed that his manners were polite and his conversation pleasing,

He seems not to have taken much pleasure in writing, as he contributed nothing to 'The Spectator,' and only one paper to 'The Tatler,' though published by men with whom he might be supposed willing to associate; and though he lived many years after the publication of his Miscellaneous Poems, yet he added nothing to them, but lived on in literary indolence: engaged in no controversy, contending with no rival, neither soliciting flattery by public commendations, nor provoking enmity by malignant criticism, but passing his time among the great and splendid, in the placid enjoyment of his fame and fortune.

Having owed his fortune to Halifax, he continued always of his patron's party, but, as it seems, without violence or acrimony; and his firmness was naturally esteemed, as his abilities were reverenced.

11 Acted 1700 at Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre.

His security, therefore, was never violated; and when, upon the extrusion of the Whigs, some intercession was used lest Congreve should be displaced, the Earl of Oxford made this answer:

"Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Pœni,

Nec tam aversus equos Tyriâ sol jungit ab urbe." 12

He that was thus honoured by the adverse party, might naturally expect to be advanced when his friends returned to power, and he was accordingly made Secretary for the island of Jamaica: a place, I suppose, without trust or care, but which, with his post in the Customs, is said to have afforded him twelve hundred pounds a year.13

His honours were yet far greater than his profits. Every writer mentioned him with respect;" and, among other testimonies to his merit, Steele made him the patron of his Miscellany, and Pope inscribed to him his translation of the Iliad.' 15

But he treated the Muses with ingratitude; for, having long conversed familiarly with the great, he wished to be considered rather as a man of fashion than of wit; and, when he received a visit from Voltaire, disgusted him by the despicable foppery of desiring to be considered not as an author, but a gentleman; to which the Frenchman replied, "that if he had been only a gentleman, he should not have come to visit him." 16

12 SWIFT to Pope, January 10, 1721.

13 He had at least four sinecure appointments, so that the censure of Halifax by Swift (see vol. i. p. 498) is sadly overcharged.

.....

14 There are two fragments of Homer translated in this Miscellany-one by Mr. Congreve (whom I cannot mention without the honour which is due to his excellent parts, and that entire affection which I bear him), the other by myself. I wish Mr. Congreve had the leisure to translate Homer, and the world the good nature and justice to encourage him in that noble design, of which he is more capable than any man I know.-DRYDEN: Dedication of Third Miscellany, 1693. Dryden, moreover, honoured him with an Epistle in verse, and entrusted him with the revisal of his Virgil (Dedication of Eneid).

15 It was my fate to be much with the wits: my father was acquainted with all of them. Addison was the best company in the world. I never knew anybody that had so much wit as Congreve -LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU: Spence by Singer, p. 232.

16 Voltaire has been charmingly absurd. He who laughed at Congreve for despising the rank of author and affecting the gentleman, set out post for a hovel he has in France, to write from thence and style himself Gentleman of the Bedchamber, to Lord Lyttelton, who, in his 'Dialogues of the Dead,' had called him an exile.-WALPOLE to Mann, March 8, 1761.

I think the impertinent Frenchman was properly answered. I should just serve any mem. ber of the French Institute in the same manner that wished to be introduced to me.-CHARLES LAMB. (Letters,' p. 186.)

In his retirement he may be supposed to have applied himself to books; for he discovers more literature than the poets have commonly attained. But his studies were in his latter days obstructed by cataracts in his eyes, which at last terminated in blindness. This melancholy state was aggravated by the gout, for which he sought relief by a journey to Bath;" but being overturned in his chariot, complained from that time of a pain in his side, and died, at his house in Surrey-street in the Strand, Jan. 19, 1728-9.1 Having lain in state in the Jerusalem Chamber, he was buried in Westminster Abbey," where a monument is erected to his memory by Henrietta Duchess of Marlborough," to whom, for reasons either not known or not mentioned, he bequeathed a legacy of about ten thousand pounds; the accumulation of attentive parsimony, which, though to her superfluous and useless, might have given great assistance to the ancient family from which he descended, at that time by the imprudence of his relation reduced to difficulties and distress."1

17 He had long been a sufferer from gout, and cataracts in both eyes. Addison tells him, in a letter from Blois in 1699, that he believes him to be the first English poet that has been complimented with the gout. "As to my gout," Congreve says, writing to Keally, May 6, 1712, "I am pretty well; but shall never jump one-and-twenty feet at one jump upon Northhall Common again.-Berkeley's Literary Relics, 8vo., 1789, p. 878.

18 He was very handsome. The best portrait of him is that among the Kit Kat series presented to Jacob Tonson, and now at Bayfordbury, Herts.

19 The pall-bearers were the Duke of Bridgewater, Earl Godolphin (husband of Henrietta Duchess of Marlborough), Lord Cobham, Earl of Wilmington, Mr. George Berkeley (husband of Mrs. Howard), and General Churchill, a name known to the readers of Mrs. Oldfield's 'Life.' (See 'Suffolk Papers,' 2 vols. 8vo., 1824, i. 330.)

20 When the younger Duchess [of Marlborough] exposed herself by placing a monument and silly epitaph of her own composition and bad spelling to Congreve in Westminster Abbey, her mother, quoting the words, said, “I know not what pleasure [happiness] she might have in his company, but I am sure it was no honour."- Walpole's Reminiscences.

The charms of his [Congreve's] conversation must have been very powerful, since nothing could console Henrietta Duchess of Marlborough for the loss of his company, so much as an automaton, or small statue of ivory, made exactly to resemble him, which every day was brought to table. A glass was put in the hand of the statue, which was supposed to bow to her Grace and to nod in approbation of what she spoke to it.-Davies's Dram. Mis. iii. 382.

Thomson published anonymously (8vo. 1729) A Poem to the Memory of Mr. Congreve, inscribed to her Grace Henrietta Duchess of Marlborough,' reprinted by me in 1843 for the Percy Society, and now universally admitted to be by Thomson.

21 Congreve was very intimate for years with Mrs. Bracegirdle, and lived in the same street, his house very near hers, until his acquaintance with the young Duchess of Marlborough. He then quitted that house. The Duchess showed me a diamond necklace (which Lady Di used afterwards to wear) that cost seven thousand pounds, and was purchased with the money Con greve left her. How much better would it have been to have given it to Mrs. Bracegirdle !-Dr. YOUNG: Spence by Singer, p. 376.