1462.

Title: Cosmographia, latine reddita, a Jacobo Angelo, cum castigationibus Hieron. Manfredi et Petri Boni.

Im

Colophon: Hic finit cosmografia Ptolemei. pressa opa Dominici de lapis civis bononiensis, anno M.CCCC.LXII, mense Junii xxiii, Bononie. (Copied from Brunet.)

Description: This is the earliest of printed editions, if it exists; but bibliographers generally reject it. Copies are put down in Dibdin's Bibliotheca Spenceriana and in the Walckenaer Catalogue (formerly of the Colbert library), and another is in the Henry C. Murphy library of Brooklyn; but Mr. Murphy agreed with most authorities in thinking that its date should probably be 1482. Lanzi, Storia Pittorica, 1795–96, i. p. 97, places it about 1472. The question has been made the subject of a special treatise: Observazioni su la Edizione della Geografia di Tolomeo fatta in Bologna colla data de M.CCCC.LXII, Esposte da Bartolommeo Gamba. Bassano, 1796, 40, pp. 50.

De Bure used the Gaignat and Lauragais copies in his account, and seems to prefer 1472; and Gamba, who used a copy in the Casa Foscarini at Venice, inclines to the same view. Dibdin, in the Bibl. Spenc., calls it spurious, and depends for his long note largely on Gamba preferring, however, 1482, as the date, as does the Crevenna Catalogue (1789) iv. 5708, and Hain, Repert. Bibl. v. See further references on this point in Græsse, Trésor de livres, v. 499.

Maps. With 26 maps, or plates, three of which are reproduced by Dibdin, who says they were usually colored. They are: Mappemonde; 10 of Europe; 4 of Africa: 10 (but some give 11) of Asia, and I for the islands of India.

Copies (1.) Henry C. Murphy library (Brooklyn). First leaf missing, fine otherwise; has the maps of

the 1478 edition inserted.

References: Bibliotheca Spenceriana, ii. 293, for a copy bought at the Firmin Didot sale in Paris, in 1810, "for an exorbitant sum (400 fr.). De Bure, Bibliographie Instructive (1763-68), v. 32; Lelewel, Géographie du Moyen Age, ii. 207; Brunet, Manuel, iv. 952; Walckenaer Catalogue (1833), no. 2238 (360 fr.); Audiffredi, Editionum Italicarum (1794), p. 12; Heineken, Idée Générale d'une Collection Complète d'Estampes, 145; Hain, Repertorium Bibliographi *cum, no. 13538; Græsse, Trésor de Livres, v. 499; La Vallière Catalogue (416 francs); Crevenna Cata

logue (130 florins); Hoffmann, Bibliog. Lexicon, iii. 492; Hager, Geograph. Büchersaal, ii. 307; Rumohr, Untersuch. d. Gründe &c. Leipsic, 1841, p. 40.

1475,

Title: [Cosmographia, latine reddita a Fac. Angelo.] Colophon: En tibi lector Cosmographia Ptolemai ab Hermano leuilapide Coloniensi Vincencia accuratissime impressa. Benedicto Triuisano: & Angelo Michaele præsidibus. M.CCCC.LXXV. Idi. sept. (Copied from the Carter-Brown Catalogue.)

Description: Folio. The first undisputed edition, published by Ang. Vadius and Barnabas Picardus. The initial letters are usually in gold and colors; sometimes rubricated. The bibliographies vary as to the number of folios (containing 39 lines each), apparently as they include or omit blank leaves. Panzer, Leclerc, and Sunderland give 142. Brunet, CarterBrown, Græsse give 144. The Grenville copy has an appendix of seven additional leaves.

The Carter-Brown Catalogue says: "The signatures, which are confused in their arrangement, begin with aa2 and end with G.5"

Angelo's translation, the first made in latin, had been produced at Florence in 1409, and was dedicated to Pope Alexander V., and in the next year, Pierre d'Ailly, the cardinal of Amiens, referred to it in his Imago Mundi, and emphasized Ptolemy's opinion of India's lying over against Spain. We have other evidences of the spreading acquaintance with Ptolemy's views in Europe (Thomassy, Les Papes Géographes, p. 15, 34), and we know how D'Ailly's writings influenced the views of Columbus.

Pomponius Mela had been the representative among the ancients of the opposite school of geographers, who looked for the extension of the known world to the south of the equator. It may be claimed of the later developments, that the Spaniards in Columbus's sailing west justified the Ptolemy view; the Portuguese in Vasco de Gama's circumnavigating Africa proved the opposing theory; while Magellan brought both into complemental relation.

Maps: Without maps.

Copies (1) Library of Congress, 142 leaves, not 144, as given in its catalogue. (2) Carter-Brown library (Providence). (3) Henry C. Murphy library.

References: Catalogue of Library of Congress (1867), p. 332; Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. no. 583;

Brunet, Manuel, iv. 951; Græsse, Trésor de Livres, v. 499; Huth Catalogue, iv. p. 1199; Leclerc, Bibliotheca Americana (1878), no. 468 (150 fr.); Sunderland Catalogue, iv. no. 10,353; Walckenaer Catalogue, no. 2235 (36 francs); Bibliotheca Spenceriana, ii. 292; Hain, Repertorium Bibliographicum, 13,536.

1478.

Title: [Cosmographia, Latine] Colophon: Numeros Matematicos inexplicabile ferme terre astrorumque opus Claudii Ptolemæi Alexandrini philosophi Geogra phiam Arnoldus Buckinck e Germania Rome tabulis aneis in picturis formatam impressit. Sempiterno ingenii artificiique monumento. Anno dominici natalis

M.CCCC.LXXVIII. vi Idus Octobris Sedente Sixto, iiii. Pont. Max. anno ejus viii. (Copied from Brunet, and corrected by a transcript from the Carter-Brown copy, furnished by Mr. J. R. Bartlett.)

tus.

Description: The dedication says that Domitius Calderinus is the editor, who collated Latin manuscripts with a very ancient one, corrected by GemisConrad Sweynheym, a German, took care of the press; and when he died, after spending three years upon it, Arnold Buckinck succeeded him, and finished the work. The Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris has a copy on vellum. There are 70 folios; but the last is blank, and excepting the preface, etc., it is printed in columns of 50 lines each. The preface is on the reverse of the first leaf, and is entitled: "Claudii Ptholemei Alexandrini Philosophi Cosmographia." On the recto of the following leaf: Claudii Ptolemei Cosmographie liber primus hec habet." The first leaf of the text at the top of the second column: " Claudii Ptolemei viri Alexandrini Cosmographie liber prims incipit. In quo differt Cosmographia a Chorographia." On the 69th folio, recto, second column: "Claudii Ptolemei viri alexandrini Cosmographie octavus et ultimus liber finit." Same folio, verso, first column, the Colophon; second column: "Registrum foliorum huius libri," (34 lines), which state that the second and fourth gatherings are in tens, and the first, third, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth are in eights.

Mr. Bartlett says of the copy thus collated, which has been added to the Carter-Brown library since its Catalogue, vol. i, was printed: "The dots to the i's are invariably omitted. The ink is black, and holds its color remarkably well. The capital letters, beginning chapters and paragraphs, are in red and blue, and the large letter C at the beginning of the volume is red, surrounded by a simple blue border and scroll."

Maps: The first edition with maps, which are 27 in number, and engraved on copper, making the earliest instance of such engravings. They are described by Brunet as the finest ever engraved for any edition of Ptolemy; even superior to those of Mercator. They consist of one of the World, ten of Europe, four of Africa, and twelve of Asia.

Santarem (Hist. de la Cartographie, ii. p. LI) expresses the opinion that the Agathedemon series of maps, belonging to the old mss. of Ptolemy were not known to the map-makers of the middle ages, before the fifteenth century; and that the travels of Marco Polo had exerted no influence upon the geographical ideas of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

The influence of Ptolemy on the cartographical ideas of the middle ages have been examined by Lelewel, Géog. du Moyen-Age, ii. 124.

M. Libri claims that maps engraved on metal first appeared in the following: In questo volume si contengono septe giornate della geographia di Francesco Berlingeri, etc. Impresso in Firenze per Nicolo Todesco. The book is without date, and is usually assigned to 1480. It has 123 folios and 31 maps, and they are inferior in execution to those of Ptolemy. There are some varieties of the book. Cf. Robert de Vaugondy, Essai sur l'Histoire de la Géographie; Brunet, Manuel, i. 790, Supplément, i. p. 111, and a Noticia libri rarissimi geographie Fr. Berlinghieri florentini, scripsit Chr. Th. de Murr, Norimbergæ, 1790. The Murphy library has a copy of Berlingeri, "extremely valuable for its maps." The Huth Catalogue, i. p. 133, gives the book with this title: Geographia di Francesco Berlinghieri in terza rima et lingua Toscana, etc., but thinks the title "no doubt printed at a much later date than the body of the book; and some copies have the first page quite blank." Quaritch priced a copy in 1880, at £63. A Catalogue des monuments typographiques de feu M. Benj. Fillon, no. 26 (sold in Paris, Jan. 1883), shows a copy, with a long note on the varieties in copies known.

The Ptolemy maps are also of interest as showing the views regarding the Western Ocean, prevalent a few years before the sailing of Columbus. Consult Davezac "Sur les Iles fantastiques de l'océan occidental au moyen âge" in the Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, Mar. and Apr. 1845, and his paper on the Laon globe with a projection of it in Bull. de la Soc. Géog. (1860) xx. 417. This globe also shows an island" Antela" off the coast of Spain, and Davezac says that, according to Pierre de Medina, the copy of Ptolemy which was presented to Pope Urban (died 1389) also had a map showing a corresponding Antillia. Behaim's globe puts it much farther away than the Laon globe, and says that it had been observed by a Spanish vessel in 1414. The Laon globe would seem to represent the knowledge of about 1486-87, though it has a date upon it of 1493. In 1456 a Genoese, Bartolomeus de Pereto, also made a hydrographical chart of the western ocean, on which a western island is called "Antilia," and one more westerly is named "Roillo." The Canaries are called the "Íles fortunées de Saint Brandum." Cf. Thomassy, Les Papes Géographes, p. 20, who says the map is in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris; and Santarem's Hist. de la Cartographie. Desimoni in his "Elenco di carte di autore genovese oppure in Genova fatti o conservati," published in Giornale Ligustico, claims the production for Genoa, and says it is inscribed: "Pbr. Bartholomeus de Pareto civis Janue acolitus Smi Dni ñri Pape composuit hanc cartam MCCCCLV in Janua."

The map of André Bianco (preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana at Venice) had also given some indications of western islands as early as 1436, and it has been made the subject of an examination by Vincenzio Formaleoni, who printed a paper in Italian in 1783, Saggio sulla nautica antica dei Veneziani, pp. 60 (according to Sabin's Dictionary, a rare tract) and which appeared in a French version in 1788, published at Venice, with this title: Essai sur la marine ancienne des Venitiens, dans lequel on a mis en jour plusieurs cartes tirées de la bibliotheque de St. Marc, antérieures à la découverte de Colomb, et qui indiquent clairement l'existence des illes Antilles; traduit de l'italien par le Chevalier d'Henin. Formaleoni was inclined to place this map much earlier than 1436, but Santarem gives an inscription on one of the maps: Andreas Bianco de Venetiis me fecit MCCCCXXXVI.” (Hist. de la Cartographie, iii.

369.)

Bianco's map, which appeared in this Essay, has also been reproduced in Il Mercurio italico, London 1789; and later in Santarem's Atlas. A full-size photographic reproduction of it in ten sheets, with an introduction by Oscar Peschel, was published at Venice in 1871. Cf. D'Anse de Villoison in Carli's Lettres Américaines ii. p. 519; and Zurla's Dissertation on the ancient Venetian Charts. A "Carta nautical membranacea dell' anno 1448" of Bianco, which is now in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana at Milan, was reproduced by photography in four sheets at Venice in 1881.

The student of Columbian cartography must always regret the disappearance of the map which Toscanelli sent to Columbus in 1474, those of the father-in-law of Columbus, Pallestrello, which came into the great navigator's hands at his marriage, and the map which Bartholomew Columbus presented to Henry VII., and issued in London in February, 1488 (cf. Kohl's Catalogue of Maps in Hakluyt, p. 8 and his paper on Lost maps; Humboldt's Exam. Critique, i. 239). We can best judge of the configuration which these map-makers gave to the western ocean by the use which Behaim probably made of them, or of the information which they embodied, in his famous globe preserved at Nuremberg. The earliest known facsimile of this globe appeared in 1730 in Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr's Historische Nachricht von den nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Künstlern. Stevens, Hist. Coll. i. no. 1396, speaking of this book says: "Among the twenty copperplates is the earliest facsimile of Behaim's globe, taken before that globe had been restored, and before some of the names were lost. For instance, we here find India patalis, a name now effaced from the globe, but which may hint the origin of Oronce Fine's Regio patalis in his map of 1532, which has so much puzzled geographers." Cf. Gosselin, Géog. Système des Anciens, iii. 201. A representation of the globe in Ruge's Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen has the true outline of North America drawn in, which makes the western coast of Mexico bisect the island of Zipangu.

Cf. the paper on "Martin Behaim's globe and his influence upon geographical science," in the American Geographical Society's Journal, iv. (1873) p. 446.

There are other representations of this globe in Jomard's Monuments de la Géog.; Ghillany's Martin Behaim, and his Der Erdglobus des Martin Behaim und der des Joh. Schoner, Nuremberg, 1842; C. G. von Murr's Diplomatische Geschichte des Ritters Martin Behaim, Nürnberg, 1778; and again, 1801, and the French version of the same by H. J. Jansen, published in a third edition at Strassbourg in 1802; Cladera's Investigaciones 1794, which has a Spanish version of Von Murr's paper; Lelewel's Moyen Age; Royal Geog. Society's Journal, xviii.; Kohl's Disc. of Maine; Irving's Columbus; Bryant & Gay's United States, i. 103; Harper's Monthly, xlii.; H. H. Bancroft's Central America, i. 93. Cf. also Pigafetta's Premier voyage autour du monde; suivi d'une notice [by C. G. von Murr, translated by H. J. Jansen] sur M. Behaim et son globe terrestre, Paris, 1800; Robert Dodge on Behaim and his globe, and John G. Morris's account of Behaim in the publications of the Maryland Historical Society.

The Catalogue of the manuscript maps in the British museum, 1844, vol. i. shows several Portolani of the century preceding Columbus; cf. also British museum MSS. no. 22329 (anno 1472) and the enumeration of maps in Santarem's Histoire de la Cartographie.

Copies.(1) Carter-Brown Library,- sound and perfect, bound in olive morocco by Bedford. The copy in the Murphy library has the maps belonging to it, inserted in the 1462 (?) edition. References. - Bibliotheca Spenceriana, iv. 537, describing a copy bought at the Merly sale for £31 10S., eleven maps being lacking, with facsimiles of parts of the maps; Walckenaer Catalogue, no. 2236 (975 francs); Perkins Catalogue, London, June, 1873, 80, - -a copy afterwards advertised in a London catalogue for £100; Brunet, Manuel, iv. 952, Supplément, ii. 328. Quaritch in February, 1879 (Catalogue, 321, no. 11,697), advertised a copy at £80, and referred to a copy sold in a London auction room, four years earlier, at £90. Raidelius, Commentatio critico-litteraria de Ptolemæi Geographia ejusque codicibus tam manuscriptis quam typis expressis, Norimbergæ, 1734, cap. vii; Audiffredi, Catalogus Romanarum editionum, p. 229; Stevens, Bibliotheca Geographica, no. 3057; Crevenna, Catalogue raisonné (1775), v. 14; and Catalogue (1789), iv. no. 5707 (120 florins); Duc de la Valliere, Catalogue, no. 4480 (242 francs); P. Laire, Index librorum; Hibbert, Catalogue (£19 195.); Bibliotheca Grenvilliana, ii. 581; Hain, Repertorium Bibliograph icum, no. 13,537; Quaritch, Catalogue (1880), p. 1153; Græsse, Trésor de livres, v. 499.

1480.

Thomassy, Les Papes Géographes, p. 22, cites a Bologna edition of this year.

1481.

Thomassy, Les Papes Géographes, p. 22, cites a Florence edition of this year.

1482.

Title: Cladii Ptolemei viri Alexandrini Cosmographie, liber primus incipit.

Colophon: Claudii Ptolomei viri Alexandrini cosmographia octavus et ultimus liber explicit: opus Donni Nicolai Germani secundum Ptolomeum finit, anno MCCCCLXXXII, Augusti vero kalendas xvii, impressum Ulme per ingeniosum virum Leonardum Hol prefati oppidi civis. (Copied from the Fillon Catalogue).

Description: The latin text is Jacobus Angelo's, in this edition revised by Donnis or Donis, a Benedictine of Reichenbach in Bavaria. The capital letters and borders are illuminated, -a specimen of which is shown in the facsimile of the first page given in the Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. p. 1. Printed in two columns of forty-four lines each. Some copies are on vellum; such are in the Bibliothèque nationale at Paris, the British museum, and at Althorpe (Earl Spencer's). There are some variations in copies. A second impression only seems to have the Register of forty-six folios printed in two columns in smaller type, fifty-seven lines each. A full collation requires sixty-nine unnumbered leaves. Some copies have seventeen additional leaves, with table of chapters. The Bibliotheca Spenceriana, ii. 301, gives a facsimile of the wood-cut representing Donis presenting the book to Pope Paul II., and of the wood-cut of Ptolemy, which begins the text.

66

marked: "Insculptum est per Joanne Schnitzer de Armszheim." The only part of America shown is Greenland, and called "Engroneland." This is said to have been made by Donis before 1471, and is one of the five maps added to this edition by him, curam mapparum gerente Nicolao Donis, Germano." It is believed to be the earliest known configuration of Greenland, given on any published map, for if we accept the Zeno chart with its alleged date of about 1400, it is to be borne in mind that it was not engraved till 1558. That map also, like this, made the peninsula a prolongation of Europe in a westerly direction. It is a fair deduction that Donis was acquainted with the productions of the Norse map-makers. The most westerly land which he gives is the Azores. Santarem, Hist. de la Cartog., iii. p. xix. says the earliest representation of Greenland on any manuscript map occurs in the Mappemonde of 1417, preserved in the Pitti palace.

In the Laon globe (1486-87) "Grolandia" is put down as an island off the Norway coast.

Leclerc, Bibl. Amer., no. 469, prices the maps only at 150 francs.

Copies.(1) Carter-Brown library. (2) Henry C. Murphy library (with the maps plain).

References.- Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. no. 1; Bibliotheca Spenceriana, ii. 301; Chatsworth Catalogue, iii. 268; Brunet, Manuel, iv. 952, 953; Audiffredi, Cat. Romanarum Editionum (1783), p. 252; Leclerc, Bibl. Americana, no. 469; Hain, Repertorium, 13,539; Bibliotheca Grenvilliana, 581; Van Praet, Livres sur vélin, v. 1, vi. 124 with references; Walckenaer Catalogue, no. 2240, 2241 (185 francs); Græsse, Trésor de livres, v. 500; Panzer, Annales Typog., ii. 480; Hassler, Buchdruckergeschichte Ulms.

Colophon. Impressum Ulma opera et expensis Justi de Albano de Venetiis per provisorem suum Johanem Reger, anno M.CCCC.LXXXVI. Kalend Augusti. (Copied from Brunet.)

Description: Folio. This is the Angelo Latin version, with some additions. The initial letters are handworked in colors. In roman letter, double columns, of 44 lines each, having 204 folios in all; i. e. 42, table and nota; 74, text; 64, maps; 24, De locis ac mirabilibus mundi."

Maps: The same thirty-two wood-cut maps, colored, as in the 1482 edition.

Title: In hoc operæ hæc continetur Geographia Cl. Ptholemai a plurimis viris utriusque linguæ doctiss. emédata; & cu Archetypo græco ab ipsis collata. Schemata cũ demonstrationibus suis correcta a Marco monacho Calestino Beneventano: & Joanne Cota Veronensi viris mathematicis consultissimis. Figura de projectione Sphera in plano quæ in libro octavo desiderabantur ab ipsis ne dum instaurata sed fere ad inventa ; ejus n. vestigia in nullo etiã graæco codice extabant... Planisphærium Cl. Ptholemæi noviter recognitum & diligentiss. emendatum a Marco monacho Cœlestino Be

neventano.

Colophon:... Noviter impressum per Bernardinū Venetu de Vitalibus. Expēsis Evagelista Tosino Brixiano Bibliopola Impante Julio II. Pont. Max. anno III. Potificatus sui. Die viii Septembr. M.D.VII. (Copied from Brunet.)

Description: Large folio, 107 leaves, and one blank leaf beside the maps. The first capital of the title is a plain letter.

Pope Julius II. on the 28th July, 1506, gave to Tosinus, the publisher, the exclusive sale of his edition for six years, in consideration of the labor and expense which had been bestowed on it, includ ing the describing and defining the position of the new-found lands.

Maps: There are the 27 maps used in the 1478 and 1490 editions, with six new ones added,—namely, one showing Poland, Hungary, Germany, Russia, and Lithuania; and five others, showing each, Spain, France, Livonia, Italy, and Judea, - making 33 maps in all. The new maps are not so well executed as the older ones.

Copies: (1) Carter-Brown library. (2) Henry C. Murphy library with Ruysch's map of the 1508 edi tion inserted.

References: Carter-Brown Catalogue, no. 31; Brunet, Manuel, Supplément, ii. 329, who calls a copy worth about 500 francs; Walckenaer Catalogue, no. 2243 (41 francs); Græsse, Trésor de livres, v. 500.

1508.

Title: In hoc opere hæc continentur Geographia Cl. Ptolemai a plurimis viris utriusque linguæ doctiss. emēdata: & cũ archetypo græco ab ipsis collata. Schemata cũ demonstrationibus suis correcta a Marco Beneventano Monacho Cœlestino, & Ioanne Cotta Veronensi viris Mathematicis consultissimis... Nova orbis descriptio ac nova Oceani navigatio qua Lisbona ad Indicu pervenitur pelagus Marco Beneventano monacho cœlestino adita. Nova & Universalior Orbis cogniti tabula Ioā. Ruysch Germano elaborata. . . . Anno Virginei Partus, MDVIII. Rome. (Copied from Stevens's Nuggets, and compared with the Astor copy.)

Description: Large folio, Roman letter, in double columns. The first capital of the title is an ornamented letter. There are after the title, 34 preliminary leaves with illuminated letters at the beginning of the inscription, and throughout the Register; 72 (with one blank) unnumbered leaves for text with ornamented initial letters, most of them illuminated; 14 leaves for Beneventanus's "Nova orbis descriptio"; 22 leaves, "de tribus orbis partibus"; and next the 34 maps. The order of parts is sometimes changed in binding. A re-issue of the 1507 edition, with the description of Beneventanus, concerning "Terra Nova" and "Santa Cruz" added.

There had appeared two years before (1506) in Bergomo's Novissime historiarum omnium repercussiones, noviter edite, printed at Venice, a chapter, under date of 1492, entitled, "De quattuor maximis insulis in India extra orbem nuper inventis," - -a stout folio, priced by Quaritch at 12; but neither this, nor the Cosmographie Introductio (1507), nor other earlier mentions of the new-found islands, had been accompanied by maps of them.

Maps: Those of the 1507 edition, with an additional one of the New World, by Johan Ruysch, entitled, Universalior Cogniti Orbis Tabula ex recentibus confecta observationibus, and measuring 21 × 16 inches. This is the first engraved map showing any part of the recently discovered land in America. The text on the new lands is on p. 194, et seq. Ruysch is said to have sailed to Newfoundland in a ship from Bristol. There are two states of this American map, -one having the words "Plisacus sinus" on the eastern coast of Asia, which is made to be the same land discovered by Cabot (as in the Harvard Col lege copy and in one of the Murphy copies), and the other state omits these words (as in the second of the Murphy copies). South America, called "Terra Sanctæ crucis, sive mundus novus," is represented as a distinct continent, but with undefined southern and western limits, with Cuba (halfdrawn), and the other islands north of it. Greenland, which had been drawn in earlier maps as a peninsula of Europe, is here made the northeastern corner of Asia. The coast-line of Asia in these early maps is usually said to be drawn from Marco Polo, whence also Behaim in his globe got his contours; but this coast in Ruysch's map only faintly resembles Behaim's. Harvard College library and Mr. Samuel L. M. Barlow have this map, but not the book. Harrisse, Cabot, p. 164, says this Barlow copy shows no marks of ever having been bound in a book; and that the copy of the 1507 edition in public library of Verona has this 1507 map, as does the Murphy copy, already mentioned.

Facsimiles or representations of the map have been issued in Santarem's Atlas composé de mappemondes depuis le Ve jusqu'au XVIIe siècle; Lelewel's Atlas; Varnhagen's Novos Estudos, etc., Vienna 1874, 8 pp. (map in part); Humboldt's Examen Critique, v., and his essay on the oldest maps in Ghillany's Ritter Behaim; Henry Stevens, Hist. and Geog. Notes, pl. 2 (cf. an examination of Stevens's opinions in Hist. Mag., Aug. 1869, p. 107); Ruge, Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen; Kohl, Discovery of Maine, i. 156; Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. iii.; Charles P. Daly's Early Hist. of Cartography, p. 32; Hubert H. Bancroft's Central America, i.,the last two on a small scale.

It is maintained that Ruysch may have used Columbus's map of 1498 and Cabot's missing charts. The latest trace of any of Sebastian Cabot's MS. maps is said to have been in 1575, when Juan de Ovando, the President of the Council of the Indies, died, and among his effects offered at public sale was an old illuminated map on parchment, "por Sebastian Gaboto," which Philip II. was at the time urged to take possession of. Cf. Harrisse, Jean et Sébastien Cabot, pp. 150, 151. See Kohl's paper on Lost Maps, regarding the charts of Columbus and the missing chart of Bartholomew Columbus (1505) which recorded the discoveries in the Antilles, and the map which showed the discoveries of Vespucius. Of other manuscript maps, we can trace but few of an antecedent date, which could have been of service to Ruysch, and which have come down to us. The earliest of these is the well-known LaCosa map (1500), and the other is a "Carta da Navigare," which is attributed to Alberto Cantino, and is supposed to have been made in 1501-1503, to illustrate the third voyage of Columbus. The original is in the Biblioteca Estense at Modena, and a facsimile of it is announced for publication in Italy by Ongania in his Raccolta di Mappamondi e carte nautiche del XIII. al XVI. secolo, edited by Prof. Theobald Fisher of Kiel. The description given in Harrisse (Cabot, pp. 143, 158) shows that it is also of interest in connection with the voyages of the Cortereals and Cabral; and was probably not the work of Cantino, but presented by him to his sovereign. Harrisse mentions having received a facsimile of the map, the publication of which he defers till his work on the Cortereals, now in press, appears. The LaCosa map can best be studied in the full-size facsimile given in Jomard's Monuments de la Géographie. Various other reproductions are enumerated in the Narrative and Critical Hist. of America, iii. 8; the latest representation is in H. H. Bancroft's Central America, i. 115, accompanied with a confusion of description. There is a paper on LaCosa and his map in the Bull. de la Soc. de Géog. Mai, 1862 p. 298, by M. De la Roquette, who states that M. Walckenaer bought the original at a moderate cost of an ignorant dealer in secondhand objects and immediately brought it to the attention of Humboldt, who used it in his Examen Critique. After Walckenaer's death, 27 April, 1852, and at the public sale of his library in Paris in the spring of 1853, the Spanish government secured it for 4200 francs, over the competition of Jomard, who represented the Imperial library of Paris. latest examination of the LaCosa map is in Harrisse's Cabot, pp. 52, 103, 156, where it is said to be preserved in the Naval Museum at Madrid, and to be numbered 553 in its catalogue.

The

The student must particularly regret the loss of the parchment mappemonde of Jaume Ferrer, which he laid before their Spanish majesties in 1495, as a basis of conference between these monarchs and the