Caller-ID Technology: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session, on S. 2030, a Bill to Protect the Privacy of Telephone Users by Amending Title 18, United States Code, August 1, 1990, Volume 4

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Page 82 - What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected.
Page 81 - Whalen v. Roe. 429 US 589 (1977). In Privacy and Freedom (1970), Alan Westin stated that "privacy is the claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others.
Page 175 - (b) Exception.—The prohibition of subsection (a) does not apply with respect to the use of a pen register or a trap and trace device by a provider of electronic or wire communication service: (1) relating to the operation, maintenance and testing of a wire or electronic communication service or to the protection of the rights or property of the provider,
Page 182 - But the inquiry must be whether there is a sufficiently close nexus between the State and the challenged action of the regulated entity so that the action of the latter may be fairly treated as that of the State itself... The
Page 161 - electronic communication" as "[a]ny transfer of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photoelectronic or photo-optical system
Page 104 - Founded In 1968, CFA Is the nation's largest consumer advocacy group, composed of over 250 state and local affiliates representing consumer, senior citizen, lowIncome, labor, farm, public power and cooperative organizations, with over 50 million members.
Page 84 - A trap a trace device is defined as a "device which captures the originating electronic or other impulses which identify the originating number of an instrument or device from which a wire or electronic communication was transmitted.
Page 174 - defines a trap and trace device as: [a] device which captures the incoming electronic or other impulses which identify the originating number of an instrument or device from which a wire or electronic communication was transmitted.
Page 84 - without first obtaining a court order" that certifies "that information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation being conducted" by a particular law enforcement agency.

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