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intellect, and hardly any intellectual toil venting itself in expression, that does not involve at least a little physical effort. From the kind which predominates, however, we derive that which is termed "manual labor," as well as that called "intellectual labor;" and the two may be said to bound the realm of human exertion on all sides. Between their extremes nearly all possible combinations of the manual and the intellectual are made. Upon the one confine are the lingering rays of barbarism; upon the other the sure, full light of civilization. The two kinds of labor work in unison to produce the great intermediate circulation of the middling classes, and all chime together to constitute the harmony of society.

Since intellectual and manual labor combine, as we have seen, to produce such admirable results, there is still another combination of each of them, separately or together, with concentrated labor, producing still higher and more brilliant results. Concentrated labor is MONEY, or what may be termed in a broader and deeper sense CAPITAL. When one person furnishes capital, and another performs the manual and intellectual labor necessary to employ it to advantage, they both really work in unison, the one with his money, the other with his labor not as yet converted into money.

"Undoubtedly the man who possesses capital," says Prof. Sumner, in his admirable little book, "What

Social Classes Owe to Each Other," "has a great advantage over the man who has no capital, in all the struggle for existence. Think of the two men who want to lift a weight, one of whom has a lever, and the other must apply his hands directly; think of two men tilling the soil, one of whom uses his hands or a stick, while the other has a horse and a plough; think of two men in conflict with a wild animal, one of whom has only a stick or a stone, while the other has a repeating rifle; think of two men who are sick, one of whom can travel, command medical skill, get space, light, air, and water, while the other lacks all these things. This does not mean that one man has an advantage against the other, but that when they are rivals in the effort to get the means of subsistence from Nature, the one who has capital has immeasurable advantages over the other. If it were not so, capital would not be formed."

Capital is the representative of labor, and is obtained as the profits of labor or is the surplus of the proceeds of labor above expenditure. One who expects to make money will soon find himself in the possession of capital, if he should be successful. It is considered by most people as quite essential to a full, fair start in the world. You may be sure, however, that he who does not know how to accumulate capital will not understand how to handle it safely and successfully, if entrusted to him. To know how to make a dollar, and how to save and invest it, is the first lesson

of the money-maker, and is generally the key that locks safely up the fortune. If it be no more than a dollar, still it is capital-small, to be sure, but unmistakably capital as far as it goes.

When Mr. Commerce wanted to take the hoes of the manufacturer if the latter refused him credit, then would have been the time to use capital. For Mr. C. saw that he could make by the operation; and if he had paid down for them, there would have been no need of asking a favor of the manufacturer. But Mr. Commerce got on just as well without as he would have done with the money, simply because the manufacturer had confidence in him, and his property was safe in his hands. This allowing persons to take property for a time without paying for it is called credit; and, as has been seen, it is sometimes just as good as ready capital for the accomplishment of the objects of trade. If one carpenter borrows the tools of another and uses them, he has borrowed and used capital, and in just as complete a manner as though he had borrowed their market value in money and used it for the same time. Capital may be in money or it may be in money values: in either case it is the representative of labor, and its name is generally taken to signify money or money values, owned by the possessor.

These definitions and explanations are all deemed necessary, in order to disclose the foundations of wealth and show what it is, and upon what its getting

and possession depend. If money is of no value to supply wants, then it is of no value as a fountain of comfort and pleasure, and can offer no inducement to the seeker and toiler after fortune. Therefore to explain to him how money came into being, what it is, and what it will do, seems quite as essential as to point out the methods of procuring and those of keeping it. As the famous author and statesman, Lytton Bulwer, said, "Never treat money affairs with levity: money is character."

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CHAPTER IV.

THE BEGINNINGS OF FORTUNE.

If you want to test a young man, and ascertain whether Nature made him for a king or a subject, give him a thousand dollars and see what he will do with it. If he is born to conquer and command, he will put it quietly away till he is ready to use it as opportunity offers. If he is born to serve, he will immediately begin to spend it in gratifying his ruling propensity.

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W

JAMES PARTON.

HATEVER may be the circumstances of any who are left with money, not one in a hundred retains the original inheritance or gift. Depletion inevitably follows, as a rule, even though the desire, the intention, and the strenuous effort may be to increase instead of diminishing the amount. The person who suddenly becomes possessed of wealth by a bequest or by lucky chance, as in a lottery or speculation, is in the position of a landsman who suddenly finds himself alone on shipboard, and out on the wide, heaving sea. The ship is beneath him, it is true; the rudder is in place, the sails all bent; and under a fair and gentle breeze he may have skill enough to hold the helm aright. Though he paid little attention to it, indeed, if yet the ship were in trim, all would go well. Some skillful and experienced hand had arranged all this

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