of the lion; or furnished with slender nails, like those of man and the ape; and the perfection of the sense of touch will be in proportion to the delicacy of these organs respectively. Thus, too, there are three kinds of teeth: the incisory or cutting teeth; the canine or dog teeth; and the molar or grinding teeth; but all animals have not each of these kinds of teeth, nor are they in all of the same shape and formation. The molar teeth, for instance, in the carnivorous animals, are sharp and fit only for the cutting of flesh. In the herbivorous, they are broad, with surfaces adapted for grinding grain or the fibres of vegetables, which require more mastication than flesh, before they are capable of being di gested.

The most intelligible arrangement of the Mammalia divide them into the following orders:

I. The Bimana, or Two-handed animals. Man is the only example of this order. He has hands upon his upper extremities alone. He has nails of a thin and delicate texture, which give to his thumb and fingers a wonderful delicacy of touch.

II. The Quadrumana, or Four-handed animals, comprising apes, monkeys, and baboons. They have hands upon all four of their extremities, but less perfect than those of man. III. The Carnivora, or Carnivorous animals. hands, but their feet are furnished with claws.

These have no This is a very extensive order, and embraces a great variety of animals.

These three orders have all the three kinds of teeth, which differ, however, in shape and strength, according to the habits and food of the different species.

IV. The Rodentia, or Gnawers; so called from the structur of their fore teeth, which are particularly adapted for gnawing. They have no canine teeth; and their claws somewhat resemble those of the Carnivora. This order contains rats, squirrels, rabbits, &c.

V. The Edentata, or Toothless animals; so called because they are deficient always in the incisive teeth, and sometimes have no teeth at all. Their toes are terminated by large and crooked nails, which obstruct both their sensations and motions. The sloth and armadillo are in this order.

VI. The Ruminantia, or Ruminating animals, are those which

chew the cud. They are cloven-footed, and have, usually, no incisive teeth in the upper jaw. Among these are the ox, camel, llama, stag, and antelope.

VII. The Pachydermata, or Thick-skinned animals. This order includes a considerable variety of other animals with hoofs, but which do not ruminate; as the horse, the wild boar, the hog, the tapir, and the elephant.

VIII. The Cetacea, or animals of the Whale kind, distinguished by having no posterior extremities, and their anterior so constructed as to answer the purpose of fins. In this order are whales, porpoises, and dolphins.

To these may be added two other orders, which differ from the preceding in certain particulars relative to the production and care of their young; in these they approach somewhat to the characteristics of birds.

IX. The Marsupialia, Marsupial animals, distinguished by the possession in the female of a bag or pouch on the outside of the abdomen, supported by two supernumerary bones, called the marsupial bones, for the purpose of holding their young after birth. Kangaroo and opossum.

X. Monotremata; animals having but a single posterior outlet from the body, in which they resemble birds. This order contains but a small number of species. They are truly ovoviviparous, that is, the young are produced from an egg which is hatched within the body of the mother, and derive no other sustenance from her before birth. Ornithorhynchus and Echidna or Porcupine Anteater.

We proceed to give some further account of these different orders of the Mammalia.

I. Bimana. Some writers have believed that man was originally intended to be a quadruped; and that he has learned only from long experience the mode of walking erect, and of applying his hands to the purposes for which he now employs them. They have represented him as only a more perfect kind of ape; and in support of this opinion relate stories of wild men, who have been found living like beasts in the midst of forests, destitute of speech and the arts of life; and of races of apes and monkeys who can walk erect, and imitate the manners, gestures, and mode of life of

men; thus endeavoring to prove a near connection and relationship between man and these animals.

It is undoubtedly the case, that man, in his external form, resembles this order of animals much more nearly than any other; but he is yet by no means more nearly allied to them in this respect, than they are to some others, which are yet always considered as clearly distinct. The fact is, that since the animal kingdom forms a series of individuals rising, by a regular gradation, from a very humble and imperfect structure, up to a very perfect one, there will necessarily be certain points of resemblance between those which stand nearest to each other in this series. Hence the apes, which stand nearest to man, resemble him more than any other animal does, but not so much as many other animals resemble them. There is a greater difference between man and those species which are next below him, than there is between any other two species which rank next to each other in the whole animal kingdom. So that there is, in truth, no more reason for saying that man is only an improved and educated ape, than there is for saying that a bee is only an improved and educated fly, a cow an improved sheep, or a horse a perfected ass.

Man is distinguished from all other animals of the class Mammalia, by his erect attitude, and his power of walking upon two legs. This is naturally the case with no other. Some are capable of being taught to walk upon their hind legs; but they never do it with ease or from choice. The ape and monkey have, it is true, hands, very like those of the human species, which they are capable of using with great address and effect; but then they have not feet or legs which enable them to walk upright their feet are, in fact, formed like hands, having a palm, and a distinct thumb, opposed to the four fingers, and thus are able to grasp objects. The foot of man is very different. It has nothing which does the office of a thumb, and the sole does not perform that of a palm. It is flat, inflexible, and fit only for the purpose of walking. Apes, on the contrary, are adapted for climbing; and hence the peculiarity of their structure, which enables them to grasp the small branches of trees with their feet as well as their hands. Strictly speaking, then, these tribes are principally distinguished from man by having four hands instead

of two; and hence man is called a two-handed or bimanous animal and apes, monkeys, and baboons, four-handed or quadrumanous animals. This alone would be a sufficient distinction; but there are many others founded upon a variety of considerations, derived from the general structure of man. His head is larger and his face smaller, in proportion to his size, than those of the monkey. His eyes, his ears, in short, all his senses, are adapted to the erect position. He is incapable of going upon all fours with any facility, his lower extremities being so long as to render the posture of his head painful and even dangerous.

The structure of man, and his faculties of mind, give him great advantages over other animals in point of adroitness, skill, and address. His erect position gives him the free use of his hands, which, though they have a general similarity to those of the monkey, are yet far more delicately and perfectly constructed. The thumb is larger; the fingers have distinct motions; the nails present excellent points of support, so as to admit of the handling of very small bodies; and the arms have unencumbered and various motions in every direction. Still he is inferior, in point of strength, to most animals of his size : he is slow in running, is without natural means of defence, and has almost no natural covering. So that man, who, in the social state, is the lord of the lower world, the conqueror of the rest of creation, is, by nature and when alone, the weakest, the most helpless, and the most defenceless of all animals in proportion to his size.

There are several distinct races of mankind inhabiting different portions of the earth, which differ one from another more or less in form, in features, in complexion, and in character. The causes of these varieties have never been satisfactorily pointed out. They have been attributed to climate, to situation, to manner of life; but none of these circumstances appear sufficient to produce them, and we therefore still remain in ignorance on the subject. Five distinct races are usually enumerated. 1. The Caucasian. 2. The Mongolian or Tartar. 3. The American. 4. The Negro or African. 5. The Malay.

1. The Caucasian. The individuals of this variety are distinguished by the beautiful oval form of their heads; a large and full forehead; regular and distinct features; by a face which is

small and narrow in proportion to the cranium; a white skin, varying from a light rosy tint to a deep brown; and hair and eyes of various colors. This race is called Caucasian, because its origin is referred, by tradition, to the group of mountains lying between the Black and Caspian seas, among which Caucasus has been most generally known. From thence it has spread itself over a considerable part of the known world. The inhabitants of Caucasus itself, the Georgians and Circassians, are to this day regarded as the most beautiful specimens of the human form. In the ancient world, the most celebrated nations belonged to this race. The Assyrians, the Chaldeans, the Phoenicians, the Jews, probably the Egyptians, the Persians, the Scythians, the Parthians, the Greeks, the Romans, were of Caucasian origin. In modern times, nearly all the nations that inhabit the western part of Asia, nearly all the nations of Europe, and the descendants of Europeans in America and other parts of the world, are of the same race.

They have been always distinguished for superior intellectual and moral qualities. With a few exceptions, they have maintained a decided ascendency in arms over the people of the other races, and have acquired a superiority in the elegances, refinements, and luxuries of life. They have been for ages the chief depositaries of literature, philosophy, science, and the arts, and have carried the human character to the highest degree of excellence it has ever reached.

2. The Mongolian race is principally found in the eastern parts of Asia. It is distinguished by a low stature, by projecting cheek bones; a depressed and retreating forehead; features not strongly marked; eyes narrow and oblique; a nose somewhat broad and flat; thick lips; black, straight hair; thin beard; and an olive complexion. In this division are to be arranged the inhabitants of India, of the great empires of China and Japan; the hordes of Calmucks and of Mongols; the ancient Huns; the Finnish tribes of Northern Europe, as the Laplanders; the Kamtschadales; the Esquimaux Indians inhabiting the northern parts of America; and a number of other nations and tribes of less note.

The individuals of this race are inferior in moral and intel