director of the department of commerce and manufactures, who shall affix the seal of the department.

ART. 21. The grant of each patent shall be published in the journals mentioned in Article 7, with the title of the invention.

(1) Every patent shall, within three months at the latest from its issue, be published in a detailed and complete manner in a special periodical journal named by a decree of the Minister of Finance, and such decree shall be transmitted to the directing senate, in order that it may be duly published.

(2) The department of commerce and manufactures shall publish an annual list of all patents granted, and shall establish a register of patents granted, and shall preserve the specifications, which shall be open to the public.

ART. 22. The patentee shall have the exclusive right to work the patented invention or improvement during the whole term for which the patent has been granted. He may consequently—

(1) Carry out the invention or improvement, take proper measures to bring it into use, and authorize other persons to carry it out. (2) Assign the patent for the whole or part of its term.

(3) Take legal proceedings against unauthorized working of his patent as well as against every other infringement of his rights committed subsequently to the publication of the grant of the certificate of protection (Arts. 7 and 8), and likewise bring actions for damages. After the decease of the patentee or of the person entitled through him, the right to the patent shall pass to the testamentary or legal heirs in accordance with the general rules of inheritance.

ART. 23. The grant of a patent shall not exempt the owner from the operation of laws and decrees which are or shall be enacted for regulating the working of patented inventions or improvements.

ART. 24. The owner of a patent shall, within five years from the date of signing the patent (Art. 20), put the patented invention or improvement into work in Russia, and within the same period shall submit to the department of commerce and manufactures a certificate of such working from a competent authority nominated by the Minister of Finance.

ART. 25. In the case of the transfer of a patent (Art. 22 (2)) notice shall be given to the department of commerce and manufactures, accompanied by the documents proving the transfer. The department shall publish the transfer of the patent at the expense of the applicant in the journals indicated in Article 7.

ART. 26. The grant of a patent shall not prevent any one from contesting before the law courts during the two years that follow the publication of the complete description (Art. 21 (1)) the right of the owner to the patented invention or improvement, whether in its entirety or in certain of its parts or the regularity of the granting

of the patent. After the expiration of his period, the patent shall only be annulled by decision of a criminal court after a penal prosecution.

ART. 27. During the time a patent remains in force, the owner, on complying with the provisions contained in Articles 5 and 6, and on paying the single special tax, shall have the right to demand the grant of a patent of addition for the purpose of improving the original patent by the addition of new parts or new particulars relating to the practical use of his invention or improvement. A patent of addition shall expire at the same time as the principal patent.

ART. 28. After the expiration of one year from the publication of the grant of a patent (Art. 21) any one may, in conformity with the provisions contained in the present law, obtain a patent for an invention or improvement supplementing or altering the first patent. This second patent shall not be used by the owner of the original patent or by those entitled through him, nor by the owner of the second patent, except by the mutual consent of the parties. The same rule shall apply to patents granted for new combinations of parts of which some are already patented in Russia (Art. 3).

ART. 29. A patent shall cease to be in force:

(1) At the expiration of its term (Art. 16).

(2) In the case of non-payment in advance of the proper annual fees.

(3) In the absence of the working required by Article 24.

(4) When the courts have decided (Art. 26) that the patent has been granted in an irregular manner, or to a person who had not the right to obtain it.

(5) If it be proved that the description accompanying the application for the patent (Art. 6) is not sufficient to allow of the invention or improvement being worked without the aid of the inventor. Publication shall be made in the journals mentioned in Article 7 of patents which have ceased to be in force.

ART. 30. In the case of the loss of a certificate of protection or of letters patent, the owner should inform the department of commerce and manufactures, which shall publish the fact in the journals mentioned in Article 7.

A person who has lost the above-mentioned documents may obtain copies on lodging a receipt from the treasury certifying the payment of 10 roubles. Copies of certificates of protection shall be delivered immediately, and copies of letters patent not later than one month from the last publication of the loss of the original.

ART. 31. The Minister, of Finance is authorized to issue detailed rules concerning the execution of the present law, on the condition,

however, that such rules shall not be contrary to this law, and shall not relate to matters which from their nature ought to be submitted to judicial or legislative examination. Such rules shall be transmitted to the directing senate in order that they may be duly published.

Staff and expenses of the technical committee attached to the department of commerce and manufactures.

1. The posts indicated in the above list may be filled by persons not holding corresponding rank, or not holding any rank at all, and also by persons not having the right of entering the civil service, the last of these persons enjoying all the privileges attached to such posts, but not taking the rank corresponding thereto.

2. The remuneration of permanent members, as well as of the experts for preliminary examination of applications for patents for inventions and improvements, shall be met from the credit assigned in the budget of the department of commerce and manufactures for the expenses connected with the granting of patents.

RUSSIA-WAR LEGISLATION.

PATENTS ENEMY COUNTRIES-WAR MEASURES-DECREE OF FEBRUARY 21, 1915.

We are indebted to Messrs. Kaupe and Tschekaloff, of Petrograd, for advice that, in accordance with the regulation of the Council of Ministers and by virtue of Article 87 of the fundamental state laws, in amendment and completion of the corresponding decrees, an imperial decree of February 21, 1915, ordered that:

[Translation.]

1

1. Patents for industrial inventions or improvements shall not be granted to subjects of powers at war with Russia, nor are applications for such patents accepted, the examination of same having been discontinued.

2. Patents for inventions and improvements, belonging to subjects of powers at war with Russia, and being of utility in the defense of the State, shall be appropriated by the Empire. The Minister of Trade and Industry, in agreement with the Ministers of War and the Navy, shall draw up a list of such patents for the information of whomever it may concern, which, within a term of two months from the date of the promulgation of the present regulation, shall be published in the newspapers mentioned in Article 76 of the Statute of Manufacture and Trades. (Code of Laws, Vol. XI, pt. 2, 1913.)

The validity of all other patents belonging to the parties in this section (2) is annulled.

3. The right of use or license of inventions or improvements obtained before January 1, 1915, by parties not subjects of powers at war with Russia, from persons being subjects, shall remain in force for the term fixed and to the extent determined. The patents for these inventions and improvements not coming under the first part of section 2 of the present decree shall remain valid for the period requisite for the accomplishment of the rights of exploitation. The Empire shall be considered the owner of such patents.

4. Parties that wish their rights of exploitation to remain in force (clause 2) are bound either in person or through their agents to lodge an application with the section of industry within a term of one month from the date of the promulgation of the present decree, producing proof in writing of having obtained said right. Within the term of one month from the date of the expiry of the term mentioned, the section of industry shall examine the applications filed, drawing up and publishing in the newspapers, as stipulated in Article 76 of the Statute of Manufacture and Trade (Code of Laws, Vol. XI, pt. 2, 1913), a list of the rights of exploitation considered as having been verified, as, likewise, of the respective patents. The insertion in the list of the rights of exploitation does not deprive the parties interested of the right-for the term of two years from the date of the publication of the list—to contest in legal form the ownership of the right of exploitation to its whole acknowledged extent or in part.

5. In the present decree there shall be understood by the expression "subjects of powers at war with Russia," also corporations and partnerships formed in any of the countries at war with Russia, even if they have been allowed to operate in the Russian Empire.

RUSSIA (GERMAN OCCUPATION).

INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY-EXTENSION OF GERMANY LAW-ORDINANCE No. 70, or MARCH 11, 1916.

[Translation.]

Ordinance of the Governor General concerning the protection of the rights of German subjects in matters of industrial property in the territory of the Government General of Warsaw. (No. 70, Mar. 11, 1916.)

SECTION 1. Inventions, Gebrauchsmuster, industrial designs and models, and trade-marks that are or shall be protected according to the laws:

(a) Concerning patents, of April 7, 1891 (Reichsgesetzblatt, 1891, p. 79):

(b) Concerning the protection of Gebrauchsmuster, of June 1, 1891 (Reichsgesetzblatt, 1891, p. 290);

(c) Concerning the copyright over designs and models, of June 11, 1876 (Reichsgesetzblatt, 1876, p. 11);

(d) Concerning the protection of trade-marks, of May 12, 1894 (Reichsgesetzblatt, 1894, p. 441),

may not be used commercially without the authorization of the party interested.

SEC. 2. Violations shall be punished by fine up to 10,000 marks, or imprisonment for as much as two years. These two kinds of punishment may be pronounced cumulatively. Instigators, counterfeiters, and receivers shall be treated as the principal author.

Prosecution shall take place only on the complaint of the party interested. The complaint may be withdrawn. Persons that have their seat or their domicile elsewhere than in the territory of the German Empire or of the Government General of Warsaw shall not be authorized to make accusation.

SEC. 3. In place of the indemnity due for violation of the present ordinance, and on application of the injured party, there may be awarded to this latter, in addition to the fine, damages up to 50,000 marks. All of the parties convicted shall be jointly and severally responsible for the payment of these damages.

SEC. 4. The departmental tribunals are alone competent to take cognizance of violations punishable by virtue of the present ordinance. For the procedure concerning the award of damages, there shall be applied by analogy sections 443 to 445 of the German code of penal procedure.

(Bulletin of ordinances for the Government General of Warsaw. No. 25, of Mar. 22, 1916.) (From 32 La Propriété Industrielle, 54; see Blatt für Patent-, Muster- u. Zeichenwesen, Apr. 26, 1916, p. 51.)