principle by applying it to another set of circumstances, and the result is a reductio ad absurdum. All men are not created equal. All men are not endowed by their Creator with the unalienable right of liberty. This is a doctrine essentially infidel, and directly at war with the revealed Word of God. Upon the sure foundation of that sacred Word, in its plain interpretation, let the cause of the master rest. An eagerness to screen it behind some new and improbable interpretation seems to betray a tremulous apprehension that it really finds no bulwark in the Book of books. If that sacred volume be against it, then let slavery at once be spurned; for nothing should be defended which is contrary to the will of God. But it has been seen that it is recognized, sanctioned, and regulated, in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testa

ments.

If the foregoing conclusions be correct, it follows as a corollary, that the best way to defeat abolitionism is to overthrow infidelity; the best way to establish the right of masters to hold their slave property is, not to search out fanciful interpretations and improbable theories, but to show that the Bible is the revealed Word of God. To this one object let all believers apply all their powers of logic, leaving slavery to stand or fall upon this issue. Abolitionism is but one of the heads of the hydra Infidelity, though it often assumes the guise of philantrophy and even of Christianity; "and no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light."*

ART. VIII. THE PINE FORESTS OF THE SOUTH.+

THE LONG LEAF OR SOUTHERN PINE.-The seed covers of the cones are armed with short, strong, and not very sharp spurs. The seeds, when stripped of their shells, are white and larger than a common grain of wheat, and are of agreeable taste, having a resinous flavor. They are so eagerly sought for by hogs, that scarcely any are left on the ground to germinate. For this cause, as well as the great destruction of the trees, in tapping them for turpentine, these pines are rapidly diminishing in number, and if not protected, this noble species will almost disappear from the great region which it has heretofore almost exclusively covered and adorned. This tree is especially resinous, and is the only pine that is tapped for turpentine. Scarcely a good tree in North Carolina has escaped this operation, unless in some few tracts of land where that business has not yet been begun. This tree also has furnished the best of pine lumber; but its durability is said to be much les sened by the tree, when living, having been made to yield turpentine. The heart is large and the grain of this timber is close, and only inferior in that respect to the short leaf yellow pine (p. mitis or variabilis). For naval architecture, timber of this tree, when large enough for the purposes required, is preferred to that of all other pines.

The broad belt of land stretching through NoNrth Carolina, which has been covered by the long-leaf pine, except for the borders of rivers, is generally level, sandy and naturally poor. Even if it had been much richer and better for agricultural profits, the labors of agriculture would still have been neglected in the generally preferred pursuit of the turpentine harvest. But so poor were the lands and so great the profits of labor, and even of the land, in the turpentine business, compared to other available products, that capital thus invested has generally yielded sla more profit than agriculture on the richest lands. Therefore, it is neither strange nor censurable, but altogether judicious, while these great profits were to be obtained, that nearly all the labor of this region Test was devoted to making turpentine, instead of enriching and cultivating the soil. But the effect of the course pursued has been not only to limit agricultural labors to the narrowest bounds, (as was proper,) but also to prevent almost every effort for improving the soil and the productions of the small extent of land under tillage. However, the juncture is now reached when this formerly most profitable turpentine business must be gradually lost; and then agriculture and improvement of fertility will not only be attended to, but will be especially rewarded in many portions of this now poor region, which yet promises great resources for being fertilized. The rapid destruction of the forests of long-leaf pine is not only the necessary result of the two causes before stated, but the work has been still more rapidly forwarded in some places, by another cause. At one time in years past, there was a sudden and wide-spread disease of this kind of pine, caused by the attack of some insect unknown before or since. Fortunately the operation, though far extended, was not general. But whatever it was, the destruction of the living trees was nearly or quite complete. For thousands of acres of pine forest together, and in a single summer, every tree was killed. The evidences of such destruction in the still standing dead trunks, are now seen in many places, and most extensively, as I lately saw, along the route of the Wilmington and Manchester Railway, not many miles south of the Cape Fear river. Similar extensive and as transient destructive visitations, had occurred long before. One of these I remember to have read of forty years ago, in a communication to the Memoirs of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society. Partial as these depredations have been, as to species, any one proprietor, or many adjacent proprietors, in the route of these ravages, might have the whole value of their pine forests utterly destroyed in a few weeks.

eed

The great beauty and striking appearance (to a stranger) of a southern pine tree, of great size and fine form, are owing to the long and straight and slender trunk, and to the very long leaves and large cones. In the close growth of forests, the branches, like other old and good timber pines of other species, are crooked, irregular, rigid and unsightly. But these and all defects are overlooked in their forest growth, when all the numerous trees make but one great and magnificent object, their tops meeting to make one great and thick canopy of green, supported,

VOL. VIII.-NO. I.

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as far as the sight can stretch, over the open space below, by innumerable tall columns of the long and straight and naked bodies of the pines. THE CEDAR PINE (Pinus inops).-This pine, like some others, has sundry names, and some of which are also applied elsewhere to other species. In Virginia it is known in different places as the "spruce" or "river" or "cedar pine." The last vulgar designation, which will be here used, has been applied because of a slight general resemblance of the growth and appearance of the tree to the cedar; at least more so than of any other pine; and so far the name is descriptive and appropriate. The most general vulgar name farther north is "jersey pine," which is adopted by Michaux.

This pine is generally seen only of young growth and small sizes. Where long established, and of largest sizes, in Virginia, it is rarely found exceeding fifteen inches in diameter. The trunk is not often straight enough for sawing into timber. The bark is very thin, and also smooth compared to all other pines of this region, and the sap-wood also is very thin. Of the older trees, nearly all the trunk is of heartwood. Though the tree is but moderately supplied with resin, it makes good fuel, and much better than the other pines of Virginia, of new growth and but moderate sizes, such as are mostly used for fuel, for market, and especially for the furnaces of steam engines. The leaves of this pine grow in twos (from each sheath), are generally shorter than fr any other kind, usually from one and a half to two inches, and about one-twentieth to one-sixteenth broad. The cones usually are from one and three-fourths to two and one-fourth inches long, and three-fourths to one inch thick, when closed. The separate seed-covers on the cones have each a small and sharp prickle, curved backward. The cones are set drooping backward on the branches; and they remain so long before falling, that the old and the new together sometimes stand on a tree as thick as the fruit on an apple tree. The branches are much more slender, tapering, and flexible than of other pines, and the general figures and outlines of the well-grown trees are more graceful and beautiful. When making the entire growth of a thick wood, and on the slope of a hill side, where the tops of the higher trees are seen above the trees next below, and all thus best exposed to view, the foliage and the whole growth, so disposed, are singularly beautiful.

In

I have not observed this tree anywhere in North Carolina. It is but sparsely set and mostly of young growth in the south-eastern parts of Virginia. But the growth is there increasing and spreading. Prince George, on and near James River, the young trees are far more numerous, and more widely scattered now than was the case forty years ago, when I knew them there only on some small spots near the river banks. On the lower Appomattox, in that county, this is now the principal pine growth, and of its large sizes. In Westmoreland, and the other parts of the peninsula, between the lower Potomac and Rappahannock, this is now the main growth, and the great supply for market fuel, which is so great a product and labor of that region. Yet I have heard, from Mr. Willoughby Newton, that it is remembered

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when not a tree of this species was to be seen in all the extent of that peninsula. It is now there the regular second-growth pine, which first springs on and occupies all abandoned fields, as do the other "old field" pines, of different species, in other parts of Virginia and North Carolina. THE WHITE PINE (Pinus Strobus). This tree, of beautiful foliage and general appearance, and which grows to a magnificent EX height, is not known in eastern North Carolina, and is so rarely seen anywhere in Virginia east of the mountains, that it scarcely comes within the limits of my designed subject for remark. However, it is named for the contrast it presents, and thereby setting off more strongly the opposite qualities of other species. But its description need not I occupy more than a small space. This is the great timber pine of the Northern States. In travelling westward from the sea-coast through the middle of Virginia, this tree is first seen in the narrow valleys of the North Mountains in Augusta county. It is there called the silver pine. The small trees are beautiful and the large ones magnificent. The bark of the young trees is very smooth, (in this differing from all other pines,) and the branches spring from and surround the young stems in regular succession, and three or four form the same height, on opposite sides, as do the young side shoots of dogwood. The leaves grow in fives from each sheath, about four inches long and very slender and delicate, and of a bluish green color and silken gloss. This pine differs from all the other species growing in our region, prefers such fine ab soils as are found on the alluvial but dry margins of rivers and in mounOtain glens.

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ART. IX.-HOW OUR INDUSTRY PROFITS BY THE WAR.
(Continued from the April Number of the Review.)

RESPONSES FROM GEORGIA.

DALTON.-1. Most prominent among the new branches of industry in this town, caused by the war, are the factories of cartouch boxes, bayonet scabbards, sword belts, knapsacks, canteens, clothing and similar articles of military equipment, which are being made on an extensive scale. Also oil cloth, which is made in large quantities, but for army is and private use. A large contract has also been taken in this town for swords, but its execution has been delayed by the illness of the contractor, who is now slowly recovering. It is impossible to state the amount of capital invested, or the quantity and value of the manufactured articles produced, but they have given active and remunerative employment to a large population, male and female.

2. The manufacture of boots and shoes has been begun by three different firms, to an extent somewhat limited at present, from the R difficulty of procuring workmen and material, but with a view of gradually increasing their business to meet the demands of the markets south and southwest from us. At present the home demand gives

them full employment. We have one tannery in the town and several in the neighborhood, which were languishing before the war, but are now doing an active business. Arrangements are being made to manufacture largely several articles of prime necessity, which have heretofore been supplied entirely from the Eastern and Middle States of the late United States, but the parties engaged in these enterprises do not wish to have them particularized at present.

Our position is central, connecting directly by railroad with all parts of the Confederacy; the climate salubrious; provisions cheap, being surrounded by a very productive country, and perhaps no other point in the Confederate States offers greater inducements for the investment of capital in manufactures. Here the cotton region and the grain and tobacco region meet and run into each other. We have every facility of timber, coal, iron, copper and transportation. In the first settlement of this continent population followed along the rivers and estuaries of the Atlantic or the great rivers of the West that seek an outlet through the Gulf of Mexico, leaving this, the most beautiful and attractive portion of the continent, unnoticed and in the possession of the Cherokee Indians until very recently, because of its distance from the coast, the difficulty of access and the cost of transportation. The embarrassments have very recently been removed by the construction of the great lines of railroads passing through this place from Memphis and Nashville to Savannah and Charleston, and from Norfolk and Richmond to Pensacola, Mobile and New Orleans. But the country is new and undeveloped, most of the settlers were men of small means who have to go in debt for their settlements, and there is but little disengaged and convertible capital, which can as yet be applied to the development of its manufacturing capacities. The money capital to do this must be brought from other parts of the Confederacy, or we must wait for that gradual accumulation which is rapidly taking place at home.

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MARIETTA. With the exception of the comparatively unimportant manufactures of printing ink and letter envelopes, there are no "branches of manufacture, or other industry," within the corporate limits of this city, "which did not previously exist," or "have sprung up during the existing war."

There has been considerable activity among leather dealers and workers, and large numbers of knapsacks, in addition to an increased quantity of shoes, have been made in our city.

We have one large flouring mill in the city, and several smaller ones in the county.

At Roswell, in our county, there is a large cotton factory, which has been for some years in successful operation. I have no doubt, could the necessary machinery be obtained, they would turn their attention to the manufacture of calicoes, &c. At present they only manufacture yarns, osnaburgs and rope.

At the latter place there is also a woolen factory, where very excellent jeans and kerseys are made. But such has been the demand upon them for soldiers' clothing, they have had no time to consider of new branches of manufacture, or varieties of style even.