were very strong. "England," said he, "is, and must be, a shopkeeper; and our docks and harbors are only so many wholesale shops, the doors of which should always be kept wide open." It is curious that his son should have taken precisely the opposite view of this question, and acted throughout with the most rigid party among the Protectionists, supporting the Navigation Laws and opposing Free Trade, even to the extent of going into the lobby with Colonel Sibthorp, Mr. Spooner, and the fifty-three "cannon-balls," on the 26th of November, 1852. Robert Stephenson to the last spoke in strong terms as to the "betrayal of the Protectionist party" by their chosen leader, and he went so far as to say that he "could never forgive Peel.”
But Robert Stephenson will be judged in after times by his achievements as an engineer rather than by his acts as a politician; and, happily, these last were far outweighed in value by the immense practical services which he rendered to trade, commerce, and civilization, through the facilities which the railways constructed by him afforded for free intercommunication between men in all parts of the world. Speaking in the midst of his friends at Newcastle in 1850, he observed:
"It seems to me but as yesterday that I was engaged as an assistant in laying out the Stockton and Darlington Railway. Since then, the Liverpool and Manchester, and a hundred other great works have sprung into existence. As I look back upon these stupendous undertakings, accomplished in so short a time, it seems as though we had realized in our generation the fabled powers of the magician's wand. Hills have been cut down and valleys filled up; and when these simple expedients have not sufficed, high and magnificent viaducts have been raised, and, if mountains stood in the way, tunnels of unexampled magnitude have pierced them through, bearing their triumphant attestation to the indomitable energy of the nation, and the unrivaled skill of our artisans."
As respects the immense advantages of railways to mankind there can not be two opinions. They exhibit, probably, the grandest organization of capital and labor that the world has yet seen. Although they have unhappily occasioned great loss to many, the loss has been that of individuals, while, as a national system, the gain has already been enormous. As tending to multiply and spread abroad the conveniences of life, opening up new
fields of industry, bringing nations nearer to each other, and thus promoting the great ends of civilization, the founding of the railway system by George Stephenson and his son must be regarded as one of the most important events, if not the very greatest, in the first half of this nineteenth century.
ACCIDENT, G. Stephenson's stage-coach, 389.
Accidents in coal-mines, 175, 196.
Adam, Mr., counsel for Liverpool and Man-
chester Railway Bill, 265.
Adhesion of wheel and rail, 82, 152, 156, 165.
Albert, Prince, an early traveler by rail, 390.
Alderson, Mr., counsel against Liverpool and
Manchester Railway Bill, 268, 271, 274, 275.
Allcard, Wm., 283.
Alton Grange, G. Stephenson's house at, 344.
Ambergate, land-slip at, 372; lime-works at,
394, 395.
Anderson, Dr., his early advocacy of railroads,
Arnold, Dr., on railways, 390.
Atmospheric railways, 402, 403, 426–428.
Bald, Robert, mining engineer, 198, 212.
Barrow, Sir John, on railway speed, 262.
Beaumont, Mr., his wooden wagon-ways, 48.
Belgium, railways in, 382; G. Stephenson's vis-
its to, 382, 383, 415.
Benton Colliery and village, 138, 140, 151.
Berkeley, Mr., on railways, 341.
Berwick, Royal Border Bridge at, 430.
Callerton Colliery and village, 109, 116, 117.
Canada, railways in, Pref., v., 476.
Canal Companies' opposition to railways, 260,
Cardiff and Merthyr Railroad, 73.
Carrying stock of railways, Pref., ix., 334.
Cattle brought to London by rail, Pref., xx.
Chapman's locomotive, 157, 163.
"Charlotte Dundas," the first practical steam-
boat, 70.
Chat Moss, surveying on, 252, 264; railway
constructed on, 283-288.
Chester and Birkenhead Railway, 402; and
Holyhead Railway, 438.
Chesterfield, town of, 395, 471.
Clanny, Dr., his safety-lamp, 179, 196.
Clark, Edwin, R. Stephenson's assistant, 448.
Claycross Colliery, 394, 420.
Coach, first railway, 240.
Coal, working of, 100, 101; supply of, to Lon-
don, Pref., xxv.; haulage of, 153, 161; sup-
ply of, by railways, 386, 392.
Coal Railways, G. Stephenson on, 393.
Cochrane, Lord, and Peruvian revolution, 89.
Coe, William, 116, 117, 121, 125.
Bird-nesting, G. Stephenson's love of, 106, 109, Coffin, Sir Isaac, on railways, 280.
Black Callerton Colliery, 109, 116, 117.
Blackett, Mr. Wylam, 102, 153, 154, 157–161.
Blast, the steam, its invention, 170.
Blenkinsop, Mr., Leeds, his locomotive, 155
157, 162.
Blisworth Cutting, 355.
Boiler, the multitubular, its invention, 316-318.
Booth, Henry, 256, 312, 318, 319.
Boulton, Matthew, his tubular boiler, 316–318.
Boulton and Watt, and the locomotive, 63-68.
Bradshaw, Mr., his opposition to Liverpool
and Manchester line, 255, 258.
Braithwaite and Ericsson's "Novelty," 322-
Brake, G. Stephenson's self-acting, 334, 398.
Brakeing of colliery engines, 116-118, 131.
Brandling, Messrs., 184, 191, 192, 431.
Brandreth's "Cycloped," 322.
Bridge building, rapid progress of, 431, 432.
Bridges-Royal Border, 430; High-Level, New-
castle, 431; Britannia (Menai), 439-442; Con-
way, 451. Victoria, Lower Canada, 476.
Britannia Bridge, North Wales, 449, 452-459.
Brougham, William, counsel for Liverpool and
Manchester Bill, 262, 265.
Bruce, Mr., R. Stephenson's schoolmaster, 141.
Brunel, I. K., 423-427, 486.
Brunton's "Mechanical Traveler," 157.
Brussels, railway celebrations at, 383, 416.
Buckland, Dr., 467.
Bull Bridge, near Ambergate, 373.
Bull, Edward, his Cornish engine, 76;
Collieries, G. Stephenson's, at Snibston, 344;
at Claycross, 392.
Colombia, R. Stephenson's residence in, 301-
308.
Companies, joint-stock railway, 339, 404.
Contractors and railways, 353, 360, 361, 493.
Conversation, G. Stephenson's love of, 463, 491.
Conway, tubular bridge at, 450, 451.
Cooper, Sir A., R. Stephenson's interview with,
350.
Cornish engineers, early, 75, 76.
Correspondence, G. Stephenson's, 297, 379, 380.
Crib-work, Victoria Bridge, 479, 480.
Cropper, Isaac, Liverpool, 293, 313, 325.
"Crowdie night," a, 465.
Croydon and Merstham Railroad, 74, 216.
Cubitt, W., evidence of, on Liverpool and Man-
chester Railway, 272.
Cugnot, N., his road locomotive, 60.
Curr, John, his cast-iron tram-way, 50.
Cuttings-Olive Mount, 291; Tring, 354; Blis-
worth, 355; Ambergate, 372; Oakenshaw,
372.
Darlington Railway, 219, 236; resident en- |
gineer Liverpool and Manchester Railway,
283.
Dodds, Ralph, Killingworth, 132, 139.
Dutton Viaduct, 366.
East Coast route to Scotland, 426.
Edgeworth, R. L., early speculations on rail-
ways, 56, 57.
Eggs, brought to London by rail, Pref., xxii.
Egypt, R. Stephenson's tubular bridges in, 507;
Suez Canal, 484, 485.
Electric telegraphing on railways, Pref., xiii.
Emerson, G. Stephenson's meeting with, 469,
Ericsson's "Novelty," 322-324.
Howick, Lord, his support of atmospheric rail-
ways, 427; G. Stephenson's interview with,
428, 429.
Hudson, George, the "Railway King," 407,
411.
Huskisson, Mr., an early advocate of railways,
278, 280; fatal accident to, 331.
Hydraulic press used to lift the tubes at the
Britannia Bridge, 456.
Ice-flood at Montreal, 481, 482.
Inclined planes, self-acting, 149, 150, 162.
India, railways in, Pref., iv.
Iron bridge building, progress in, 432, 443.
Italian railways, Pref., iv.
Evans, Oliver, his steam-carriage, 71, 72; his James, William, surveys Liverpool and Man-
boiler, 77.
Explosions from fire-damp, 175.
Fairbairn, William, C.E., early friendship with
G. Stephenson, 124, 125; experiments on iron
tubes for R. Stephenson, 446.
Fire-damp, explosions of, 175.
Fish brought to London by rail, Pref., xxi.
Fitch, John, American engineer, 71.
Food brought to London by rail, Pref., xix.
Forth-Street Works, Newcastle, 232, 396.
Foster, Jonathan, Wylam, 158.
Foundations of bridge on the Derwent, 372;
of High Level Bridge, Newcastle, 434; of
Victoria Bridge, Montreal, 479.
Free Trade, G. Stephenson's notions of, 494,
495.
Friction, G. Stephenson's early experiments in,
202; and gradients, 400.
Frolic, G. Stephenson's love of, 135, 375, 465.
Gauge of railways, 234, 424.
"Geordy" safety-lamp, 175-195.
Gilbert, Davies, and Trevithick, 79, 82, 83.
Giles, Francis, C.E., his evidence against Liv-
erpool and Manchester Railway Bill, 273, 275,
Gurney, Goldsworthy, 171, 317.
Hackworth, T., and the steam-blast, 174; his
locomotive "Sanspareil," 322, 324, 325, 326.
Half-lap joint, G. Stephenson's, 200.
Harrison, Mr., counsel against Liverpool and
Manchester Bill, 265, 272, 276.
Harvey, Mr., engineer, Hayle, 76.
Hedley, William, Wylam, 159, 160, 171.
Henderson, Fanny, G. Stephenson's first wife,
118, 123, 125, 127.
Heppel, Kit, Killingworth, 132, 135.
Hetton Railway constructed by G. Stephenson,
208.
High-Level Bridge, Newcastle, 433.
Hindmarsh, Miss, G. Stephenson's second wife,
214.
Hodgkinson, Professor, his calculations as to
strength of iron tubes, 447.
Holyhead, railway to, 438.
Hornblower, Jonathan, 75, 76.
Horticulture, G. Stephenson's experiments in,
460, 461.
Horse traction on railways, 48, 57, 74, 153, 166,
234, 240.
chester Railway, 248; visit to Killingworth,
250 arrangement with Stephenson and
Losh, 251; compelled to relinquish the sur-
vey, 253,254.
James, W. H., his tubular boiler, 317.
Jameson, Professor, Edinburg, 213.
Jessop, William, his cast-iron edge-rail, 51.
Joy, Mr., counsel for Liverpool and Manches-
ter Bill, 265, 268.
Keelmen of the Tyne, 101, 102.
Kent, opposition to railways in, 342.
Killingworth, 126, 129; High Pit, 131; loco-
motive, 168; underground machinery 198;
visited by Edward Pease, 230; W. James,
250; promoters of Liverpool and Manchester
Railway, 257.
Kilmarnock and Troon tram-road, 206.
Kilsby Tunnel, 342, 357-361, 363.
Lambton, Mr. (Earl of Durham), 225.
Lamp, invention of the safety, 175.
Land-slip at Ambergate, 372.
Landlords and railways, 223, 252, 341, 352, 469.
Lardner, Dr., on undulating lines, 400.
Leicester and Swannington Railway, 343.
Leopold, King, G. Stephenson's interviews
with, 382, 383, 416.
Lime-works at Ambergate, 394, 395.
Littleborough Tunnel, 368.
Liverpool and Manchester Railway projected,
247; survey by W. James, 249; George Ste-
phenson appointed engineeer, 254; virulent
opposition, 259, 260; the bill in committee,
265; rejected, 277; renewed application, 278;
the bill passed, 280; the railway construct-
ed, 281; discussion as to the power to be
employed to work the line, 311; prize offer-
ed for the best locomotive, 314; the com-
petition at Rainhill, 322; triumph of the
Rocket," 326; public opening of the rail-
way, 330; its success, 332.
Locke, Joseph, C.E., resident engineer on Liv-
erpool and Manchester Railway, 283.
Locomotive engine gradually perfected, 47; Sir
I. Newton's idea, 53; Darwin's, 53-59; Cug-
not's, 60-63; James Watt's, 60, 64; William
Murdock's model locomotive, 66; William
Symington's model, 68-70; Oliver Evans's
71; Richard Trevithick's steam-carriage and
first locomotive, 77-82; Blenkinsop's Leeds
locomotive, 155; Blackett's Wylam locomo-
tive, 157-161; Stephenson's Killingworth lo-
comotive, 164-170; farther improvements by
Stephenson, 201, 202; locomotives construct-
ed for Stockton and Darlington Railway, 235;
the "Rocket," 319; farther improvements in
locomotives, 335; number of locomotives in
the United Kingdom, Pref., ix., x.; self-feed-
ing apparatus of, ib., xiv.
Locomotive workshops at Newcastle, the Ste-
phensons', 232, 396.
London and Birmingham Railway, 349-364.
London, railways in, opening of the Green-
wich line, Pref., xv.; magnitude of suburb-
an traffic, ib., xvi.; new lines opened, ib.,
xvi. population increased by, ib., xviii.;
provisioning of London, ib., xix.; coal sup-
ply of, ib., xxv.
Losh, Mr. Stephenson's partner, 201, 233.
Lough's statue of G. Stephenson, 472.
Mackworth, Sir H., his sailing wagon, 52.
Mail service by railway, Pref., xxvi.
Manchester, railways projected in connection
with, 340; and Leeds Railway, 366.
Mania, the railway, 405, 406.
Maps of Newcastle district, 98; Stockton and
Darlington Railway, 224; Liverpool and
Manchester Railway, 250-251; Leicester and
Swannington Railway, 343; London and
Birmingham Railway, 354; Midland Rail-
way, 370; Straits of Menai, 442.
Mechanics' Institutes, G. Stephenson at meet-
ings of, 397.
Menai, bridge over Straits of, 439.
Merchandise, traffic of London, Pref., xxvi.
Merstham tram-road, 74, 217.
Merthyr tram-road, 73; Trevithick's locomo-
tive tried on, 80.
Middlesborough-on-Tees, growth of, 245.
Midland Railway, 370.
Milk brought to London by rail, Pref., xxiv.
Miller, Mr., Dalswinton, and steam naviga-
tion, 70.
Montreal, Victoria Bridge at, 476.
Moore, Francis, his patent for steam-carriages,
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337, 341; at Northampton, 342; in Kent, 342;
at Eton, 342; to London and Birmingham,
Organization-of early railways, 330, 333; of
modern railways, Pref., xi.
Outram's railway, first use of stone blocks, 51.
Parliament and railways, 338, 406, 410.
Parr Moss, railway across, 268.
Passenger-carriage, the first, 240.
Passenger-traffic, beginnings of, Pref., vii., xv.,
240, 241, 333, 338; of London, Pref., xvii.
Pease, Edward, promotes Stockton and Dar-
lington Railway, his character, 222; anticipa-
tions concerning railways, 225; intercourse
with George Stephenson, 227, 229, 230, 231,
232; assists George Stephenson with capital,
232; faith in the locomotive, 235, 246; letter
to Robert Stephenson, 306, 307.
Peel, Sir R., on undulating lines, 409, 410; G.
Stephenson's visit to, 467.
Penmaen Mawr, railway under, 439.
Pen-y-darran, Trevithick's locomotive made
and tried at, 80-82.
Permanent way, Pref., viii., xi., 159, 200.
Peruvian mining, Trevithick's adventures in
connection with, 87.
Petherick, J., his description of Trevithick's
steam-carriage, 78, 79.
Phillips, Sir Richard, on railroads, 217.
Pile-driving by steam, 434.
Pitmen, habits and character of Newcastle,
100, 101.
Politics, G. and R. Stephenson's, 494.
Population of London, how influenced by rail-
ways, Pref., xviii.
Postal service and railways, Pref., xxvii.
Potatoes brought to London by rail, Pref.,
xxiii.
Poultry brought to London by rail, Pref., xxii.
Primrose Hill Tunnel, 356.
Professional charges, G. Stephenson's, 382.
Provisioning of London, Pref., xix.
Pyrenean pastoral, 418.
Nasmyth's steam-hammer first applied to pile- Quarterly Review on railway speed, 263.
driving, 434.
Newcastle-on-Tyne, early history, 97; Liter-
ary and Philosophical Institute, 142, 185, 189,
209, 494; Mechanics' Institute, 397; High-
Level Bridge, 431.
Newcastle and Berwick Railway, 426.
Newcomen's atmospheric engine, 100.
Neville's tubular boiler, 317, 318.
Newton, Sir I., his idea of steam locomotion,
Queen, the, her first use of the railway, 390;
opens the High-Level and Royal Border
Bridges, 437; visits the Britannia Bridge,
Rails-stone blocks first used, 48; planks, 48;
plates of iron, 50; cast-iron rails, 50; flanch-
ed rails, 51; tram-plates at Merthyr, 81; Wy-
lam wagon-way, 153; rack rail, 156, 157, 159,
160; heavier cast-iron rails used, 160; rough-
ly laid, 200; Stephenson's half-lap joint, 200;
Stephenson recommends wrought-iron rails,
233; temporary rails in constructing roads,
284; Vignolles's and Ericsson's central fric-
tion, 311; strained by high speed, 399.
Railway locomotive (see Locomotive).
Railway king, the, 407, 411.
Railway speed (see Speed).
Railway speculation and mania, 374, 401-405.
Railways, length of, constructed, Pref., iii.; în
India, ib., iv.; in United States, ib., vi. ; car-
rying stock of, ib., ix.; effects of, ib., xv.; in
London, ib., xv.; number of workmen em-
ployed on, ib., xxviii.
Railways constructed and opened-Cardiff and
Merthyr, 73: Sirhowy, 73; Wandsworth,
Croydon, and Merstham, 73, 74; Wylam,
160; Kilmarnock and Troon, 206; Hetton,
207 Stockton and Darlington, 224; Liver-
pool and Manchester, 247 Canterbury and
Whitstable, 339; Grand Junction, 340, 365:
Leicester and Swannington, 343; London
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