stove so much the more in length, and make the air trunks more capacious. These and many other circumstances of local modification must be attended to by the erector of the stove; and without the judicious attention of an intelligent artist, we may expect nothing but disappointment. It is hardly possible to give instructions suited to every situation; but a careful attention to the general principle which determines the ascensional force will free the artist from any great risk of failure. We may say the same thing of stoves for conservatories, hot-houses, hot-walls, &c. and can hardly add any thing of consequence to what we have already said on these heads in the article PNEUMATICS.

We must not, however, dismiss the subject without taking notice of the very specious projects which have been frequently offered for drying malt by stoves. Many of these are to be seen in the publications of the Academies of Stockholm, Upsal, Copenhagen; and some have been erected in this kingdom, but they have not been found to answer.

We apprehend that they cannot answer. To dry malt, and make it fit for the ales and beers for which this island is so famous, it is by no means enough that we give it a proper and an equable supply of heat.This alone would bake it and make it flinty, causing the moisture to penetrate the mealy particles of the grain; and, by completely dissolving the soluble parts, would render each kernel an uniform mass, which would dry into a flinty grain, breaking like a piece of glass.-A grain of malt is not an inert pulp. It is a SEED, in an active state, growing, and of an organized structure. We wish to stop it in this state, and kill it, not by heating it, but by abstracting its moisture. We thus leave it in its granulated or organized form, spungy, and fit for imbibing water in the mash tab, without running into a paste.

composed of very different materials, has been lately Stove. erected in several of the churches in Edinburgh. This stove, which is formed entirely of cast iron, may be considered as a double stove, an outer case, and a furnace or inner stove. The fuel is burnt in the inner stove; and the smoke produced during the process of combustion, is carried off by a chimney, which passes through the top of the outer stove, and is conveyed to the outside of the building. The outer case includes not only the furnace or inner stove, but also a considerable space, occupied by the air of the atmosphere, which is freely admitted through a number of openings placed around it; and when any current of air is produced, it passes off from the space between the outer case and inner stove, and is conveyed by tubes through the body of the apartment. But we shall first describe the different parts of which the stove is composed, after which we shall be better able to understand its mode of operation.

To accomplish these purposes, the construction of our malt kilns seems very well adapted. The kiln is the only flue of the furnace, and a copious current of air is formed through among the grains, carrying off with it the water which is evaporating by the heat. But this evaporation, being chiefly in consequence of the vapour being immediately dissolved by the passing air, will stop as soon as the current of air stops. This current has to make its way through moist grain, laid in a pretty thick bed, and matted together. Some force, therefore, is necessary to drive it through. This is furnished by the draught of the kiln. Substituting a stove, immediately applied to the malt, will not have this effect. The only way in which we think this can be done different from the present, is to have a horizontal flue, as has been proposed in these projects, spread out at a small distance below the grate on which the malt is laid, and to cover the whole with a high dome, like a glass-house dome. This being filled with a tall column of hot air, and having no passage into it but through the malt, would produce the current which we want.

We are

but

convinced that this will make much less fuel serve; we are by no means certain that the sulphureous and carbonic acid which accompanies the air in our common kiln is not a necessary or a useful ingredient in the pro

cess.

It is well known that different coaks, einders, or charcoals, impart different qualities to the malts, and are preferred each for its own purpose.

A patent stove constructed on similar principles, but VOL. XIX. Part II.

Fig. 5. exhibits a perspective view of this stove. AB is the body, which is about three feet high, and of a circular form. BC is a square pedestal on which the stove is placed, and which contains the ash pit DD. The height of the pedestal is about a foot, and it is nearly insulated by resting on the spherical supports a a, also of cast iron. EEE are openings in front of the ash pit through which the air enters to support the combustion. These openings can be enlarged or diminished, or opened and shut at pleasure. FF is the door of the furnace through which the fuel is introduced. This door is attached to the inner furnace, and is double. It is one foot broad, and 11 inches high. GG is the chimney, which passes from the furnace within, through the outer case, and conveys the smoke out of the building. HH are openings in the outer case, and are eight in number, through which the air enters, and being heated, is greatly rarefied, and passes off through the funnel or pipe IIII. This pipe communicates only with the outer stove, and being shot at the end K, the air rushes out from the small tubes LL, inserted into the side of the pipe IIII, and thus mixes with the cold air of the church. The diameter of the outer case at the bottom is about two feet, and the diameter of the furnace within is about 16 inches.

Fig. 6. is a section of the stove. AB is the outer case, from which passes off the pipe or funnel CCC, by which the heated air is conveyed through the church. DD is the furnace in the inside, in which the fuel is burnt, and EEE is the chimney or funnel which conveys the smoke from the inner furnace out of the building. It passes through the outer stove AB at F.

Fig. 7. is a plan of this stove. AB is the pedestal on which it rests, and which contains the ash pit. CC is the outer case, and DD is the fornace within, in which are seen the transverse bars which support the fuel.

The length of the body of the church, in which two stoves of the form and dimensions now described are erected, is about 60 feet, and the breadth is about 45 feet. The tabes III are conveyed along the lower edge of the gallery, about balf the length of the church. The fires are lighted up about four or five o'clock on the Sunday morning, during the earlier part of the cold season; but as the season advances, it is usual to light them up the night before. From this time till the congregation assemble for the afternoon service, the furnaces 5 A

are

are kept constantly supplied with fuel. By this management the air in the church is kept comfortably warm during the coldest season of the year.

These stoves, it appears to us, are susceptible of some improvement, both in their construction and in the places in which they are erected. With regard to the first circumstance, an external coating of plaster work, or of the same kind of materials as are used for coating the inside of chemical furnaces, would be of some use in preventing an unnecessary waste of heat, as well as the disagreeable smell which is sometimes complained of, and which is supposed to arise from the combustion of light bodies floating in the air and drawn by the current to the heated metal; and with regard to the last, viz. the places in which they are erected, it is perfectly obvious that they ought to be as completely insulated as possible, and particularly ought not to communicate with good conductors of heat. Some of the stoves erected in the churches of Edinburgh are faulty in this respect. But to the use of this stove there is a stronger objection. The air that is heated has circulated through the apartment, and has been respired and consequently vitiated. Hence some unpleasant effects have arisen from its use.

A stove erected by Mr A. Kilpatrick, tinsmith in Edinburgh, is free from this serious objection. In his stoves the whole of the air heated is conveyed from the outside of the building. Stoves of this description answer well for heating large halls, staircases, and churches.

The following is the description of an improved stove by Mr Field of Newman Street London, in which, it is stated by the author, the various advantages of heating, boiling, steaming, evaporating, drying, ventilating, &c. are united; some of which we shall detail in his own words.

"Fig. 8. represents a longitudinal section of the stove, showing the course of the air from its entrance into the flues of the stove at A, to its entrance into the upper chamber of the stove at B; and also the course of the smoke from the fire-place at C, till it escapes from the stove at D. E, E, are the doors or openings of the fireplace and ash-bole.

66

Fig. 9. is a similar section at right angles with the above, exhibiting the course of the air through the chambers of the stove, from its entrance into the chamber N° 1. at B to its entrance beneath the fire-place at F. This figure also shows sections of the flues, with the divisions through which the air and smoke pass separately, the smoke-flue in the centre, and the air-flues, on each side. G, G, are doors and openings through which the articles to be dried are introduced into the chambers.

"When the fire is lighted, and the doors of the chambers, ash-hole, and fire-place, closed, the air by which the fire is supplied enters at A, fig. 8. passes through the air-flues a, a, a, a, enters the upper chamber at B, traverses and descends through the chambers N° 1, 2, 3, and arrives beneath the fire at F, fig. 9. Having supplied the fire with oxygen, it passes through the flue with the smoke, and escapes at D, heating in its protracted course the chambers and air-flues.

"As the cold air enters the stove at A, immediately above a plate forming the top of the fire-place, and pursues a similar route with the fire-flue, it enters the chambers very much heated and rarefied. Hence any moist

substance placed in the chambers evaporates in conse- Stove, quence, not only of the heated flues circulating round Stour. them, but of a stream of warm rarefied air, which, while bridge. it continually raises evaporation, as continually bears away the exhaled moisture in its passage to the fire, thus imitating the gradual and efficacious plan of nature in drying by the sun and air. While these effects are taking place within the stove, part of the air which enters at A, fig. 8. and 9. passes through air-flues on the other side of the fire-flue, pursues a parallel course with the first, and gives out a current of warn air to the room at an aperture H. This effect may be obtained in a much higher degree, if the doors of the chambers and ash-hole are opened should the hand or face be then brought near, they would be fanned with a stream of warm air, especially from the upper chamber.

66

By means of this stove I have evaporated milk to dryness, without burning er discolouring it; and have dried cherries, plumes, and other fruits, so as to imitate those which are received from abroad. I have repeatedly dried colours and the most delicate substances without the slightest injury, even though the operation pro ceeded quickly.

"The height of the stove is about five feet and a half; its diameter two feet and a half, and that of the flues four inches. The external part is constructed of brick, and the internal parts of thin Ryegate or fire-stone, except the top of the fire-place, which is a plate of cast iron. Were it to be wholly formed of iron, its effects would necessarily be more powerful.

"Fig. 10. represents an extension of the plan, in which stoves of this kind may be advantageously connected with one or more furnaces for chemical or other uses. The fire-place, brought out, either in front or on one side, by the present positions of its crown I, forms a reverberatory furnace, or will make a sand-bath by reversing it.

"The space occupied by the fire-place in fig. 8. may in this be converted into apartments for evaporating substances, or occasionally for cooling them by an opening at K to admit cold air, while the warm air of the stove is excluded by a register or door. The dotted lines show the manner in which a second furnace may be connected by an opening into the flue at L.

"In addition to the uses already pointed out, this stove would probably be found extremely serviceable in drying japanners goods, and consuming the noxious fumes and gas which arise from the oil and varnish used in this business.

"Since the stove is not limited to any certain dimensions, it might be adapted to the drying of malt and hops, perhaps of herbs, corn, and seeds generally. It might also be accommodated to the purpose of the sugarbakers, connected with the great fires they employ for their boilers. It has been shown to be useful in the confectioners art, and probably it may be equally so in baking biscuits for the navy; nor less so in drying linen for the laundress, dyer, calico-printer, and bleacher. I have myself found it well accommodated for a chemical elaboratory*

Phil STOURBRIDGE, or STURBICH, the name of a Mag. vol held near Cambridge, noted for its famous fair kept an-xxviii. nually on the 7th of September, and which continues for a fortnight. The commodities are, horses, hops, iron, wool, leather, cheese, &c. This place is also

noted

situated in E. Long. 1. 6. N. Lat. 52. 16. It is a large Stowbandsome place, situated between the rivers Gypping market and Orwell, and has the best cherries in England. It # contained 2006 inhabitants in 1811.

noted for an excel'ent species of clay capable of resist ing an intense heat. It is used in making pots for glass-houses, fire-bricks, &c.; and is sold at an high price.

STOW, the name of a market-town in Gloucestershire in England, situated in W. Long. 1. 50. N. Lat. 51. 54. It is also the name of a fine seat of the marquis of Buckingham in Buckinghamshire. Here are the best gardens in England, adorned with busts, statues, obelisks, pavilions, and temples. It is two miles from the town of Buckingham.

STOW, John, the industrious historian, son of Thomas. Stow merchant-taylor of St Michael's, Cornhill, in London, was born about the year 1525. Of the early part of his life we know very little, except that he was bred to his father's business, which in the year 1560 he relinquished, devoting himself entirely to the study of our ancient historians, chronicles, annals, charters, registers, and records. Of these he made a considerable collection, travelling for that purpose to different parts of the kingdom, and transcribing such manuscripts as he could not purchase. But this profession of an antiquary being attended with no present emolument, he was obliged for subsistence to return to his trade.-It happened, however, that his talents and necessities were made known to Dr Parker archbishop of Canterbury; who being himself an antiquary, encouraged and enabled Mr. Stow to prosecute his darling study. In those times of persecution, though Elizabeth was then upon the throne, honest John Stow did not escape danger. His collection of Popish records was deemed cause of suspicion. His younger brother Thomas preferred no less than 140 articles against him before the ecclesiastical commission; but the proof being insufficient, he was acquitted. In 1565 he first published his Summary of the Chronicles of England. About the year 1584 he began his Survey of London. In 1585 he was one of the two collectors for a great muster of Limestreet ward: in the same year he petitioned the corporation of London to bestow on him the benefit of two freemen to enable him to publish his survey; and in 1589 he petitioned again for a pension. Whether he succeeded, is not known. He was principally concerned in the second edition of Holinshed's chronicle, published in 1587. He also corrected and twice augmented Chaucer's works, published in 1561 and in 1597. His survey of London was first published in 1598. To these laborious works he would have added his large Chronicle, or History of England; but he lived only to publish an abstract of it under the title of Flores Historiarum. The folio volume, which was printed after his death, with the title of Stow's Chronicle, was taken from his papers by Edmund Howes. Having thus spent his life and fortune in these laborious pursuits, he was at last obliged to solicit the charitable and well disposed for relief. For this purpose, King James I. granted him, in 1603, a brief, which was renewed in 1604, authorizing him to collect in churches the benefactions of his fellow-citizens. He died in April 1605, aged 80; and was buried in his parish church of St Andrew's Undershaft, where his widow erected a decent monument to his memory. John Stow was a most indefatigable antiquarian," a faithful historian, and an honest man.

STOWMARKET, a town of Suffolk, in England,

STOWAGE, the general disposition of the several materials contained in a ship's hold, with regard to their figure, magnitude, or solidity.

In the stowage of different articles, as ballast, casks, cases, bales, and boxes, there are several general rules to be observed, according to the circumstances or qualities of those materials. The casks which contain any liquid are, according to the sea phrase, to be bung-up and bilge-free, i. e. closely wedged up in an horizontal position, and resting on their quarters: so that the bilges where they are thickest being entirely free all round, cannot rub against each other by the motion of the vessel. Dry goods, or such as may be damaged by the water, are to be carefully inclosed in casks, bales, cases, or wrappers; and wedged off from the bottom and sides of the ship, as well as from the bow, masts, and pumpwell. Due attention must likewise be had to their disposition with regard to each other, and to the trim and centre of gravity of the ship; so that the heaviest may always be nearest the keel, and the lightest gradually above them.

STRABISMUS, squinting. See MEDICINE Index. STRABO, a celebrated Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian, was born at Amasia, and was descended from a family settled at Gnossus in Crete. He was the disciple of Xenarchus, a Peripatetic philosopher, and at length attached himself to the Stoics. He contracted a strict friendship with Cornelius Gallus, governor of Egypt, and travelled into several countries to observe the situation of places, and the customs of nations. He flourished under Augustus, and died under Tiberius about the year 25, in a very advanced age.-He composed several works, all of which are lost except his Geography in 17 books; which are justly esteemed very precious remains of antiquity. The two first books are employed in showing, that the study of geography is not only worthy of, but even necessary to, a philosopher; the third describes Spain; the fourth, Gaul and the Britannic isles; the fifth and sixth, Italy and the adjacent isles; the seventh, which is imperfect at the end, Germany, the countries of the Getæ and Illyrii, Taurica Chersonesus, and Epirus; the eighth, ninth, and tenth, Greece with the neighbouring isles; the four following, Asia within Mount Taurus; the fifteenth and sixteenth, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, Syria, Arabia; and the seventeenth, Egypt, Ethiopia, Carthage, and other places of Africa. Strabo's work was published with a Latin version by Xylander, and notes by Isaac Casaubon (or rather by Henry Scrimzeer, from whom Casaubon chiefly stole them), at Paris, 1620, in folio. best edition is that of Amsterdam in 1707, in two volumes folio, by the learned Theodore Jansonius ab Almelooveen, with the entire notes of Xylander, Casaubon, Meursius, Cluver, Holstenius, Salmasius, Bochart, Ez. Spanheim, Cellarius, and others. To this edition is subjoined the Chrestomathia, or epitome of Strabo ; which according to Mr Dodwell, who has written a very elaborate and learned dissertation about it, was made by some unknown person between the years of Christ 676 and 996. It has been found of some use, 5 A 2

But the

not

Strabo.