be completed in the fall of 1964. The proposed increase would permit initial staffing with scientists to initiate on-station and off-station research plans. It would also permit staffing with limited supporting personnel, together with first phases of equipment acquisition, thereby beginning the implementation of the expanded research at this location.

Bushland, Tex., $65,000.-The agricultural economy of the southern high plains and the rolling red plains is based upon intensive crop production from irrigated and nonirrigated land and upon extensive grazing enterprises. Extreme drought and the associated crop failures, wind erosion, and economic depression make agriculture in the area a high-risk industry. Conservation and land use adjustments have received much attention in the area. The Great Plains conservation program (Public Law 84-1021) is being well received in the area and this program promises to aid greatly in stabilizing its agriculture. Supplemental irrigation on about 6 million acres is of tremendous importance in stabilizing the agricultural economy of the area.

Continuation of the present agricultural productivity from this region is essential to the long-range welfare of the Nation. The Department, in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, has begun development of an intensified soil and water conservation research program at Bushland, Tex., to develop new technology for conservation and management of the soil and water resources of the area.

The proposed increase is needed to provide additional scientific and technical assistance, and additional scientific equipment and installations for further intensification of research on water conservation and more efficient use of soil moisture.

OTHER RESEARCH

Athens, Ga. (poultry disease research), $50,000.-The new Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Ga., was occupied in September 1963. This Laboratory was established to study diseases causing high condemnation losses in dressed poultry in the Southeast. Particular emphasis is being placed on diseases causing important losses in Federal poultry inspection and their relation to environmental and management factors. The Laboratory is designed for an interdisciplinary research team approach to the research problem. Funds now available provide approximately 80 percent of the amount needed to conduct effective research in a balanced program.

The proposed increase would provide additional scientists for analytical services in the field of biochemistry, initiation of long-range research on the fungal diseases so prevalent among poultry populations, immunological studies in the field of avian virology essential to development of revised methods of detecting the immunological resistance to virological diseases, and histopathological services for preparation of tissues for microscopic study.

State College, Miss. (poultry management in relation to disease losses), $75,000.-The South Central Poultry Research Laboratory will be completed in November 1964. During the period of unavoidable delays in awarding a construction contract, field studies on the farms of cooperating broiler producers have been undertaken to provide partial solutions to the broiler loss problem. Research in the new facilities would be under controlled environmental and disease exposure conditions where management, nutrition, and environmental variations can be studied in relation to diseases of broilers. Results from these simulated large-scale operations will provide knowledge on which to base recommendations for minimizing broiler condemnation losses. Condemnation losses to the poultry industry still exceed $100 million annually.

The increase would provide for scientists and supporting workers to undertake a broad program of basic and applied research in the fields of physiology, nutrition, management, and pathology on management and environment in relation to broiler, condemnation losses. The increase would also provide for initial purchases of experimental chickens, feed, and other supplies and equipment. Columbia, Mo., $80,000 (biological control of insects).-Bids for construction of this Laboratory will be advertised in January 1964, and it is expected that the Laboratory will be ready for occupancy in the spring of 1965. It is urgent that funds for initial staffing be provided in order to begin basic and applied research on several aspects of the program which is designed to develop nonchemical methods for the control of injurious insects. A part of the increase would be used to procure essential equipment, such as compound microscopes, temperature and humidity control cabinets, and rearing cages.

The population dynamics of a selected insect host and parasite would be investigated in order to evaluate the role of specific biological and ecological factors in reducing an insect outbreak, A comparison would be made of an economically important insect pest population and its principal insect parasites under a variety of ecological conditions to determine the importantce of such factors in governing the effectiveness of insect parasites.

Studies to determine the bioclimatic conditions under which certain parasites reach their maximum efficiency would be undertaken. Experiments on the practical use of insect pathogens, such as a polyhedrosis virus disease would also be initiated.

Fargo, N. Dak., $320,000 (metabolism and radiation research).—Construction of this Laboratory is expected to be completed early in February 1964. Funds in the amount of $680,000 appropriated in fiscal year 1964 have provided for initial staffing including the director, administrative officer, and some of the key scientists and supporting personnel, as well as many major items of equipment. Additional funds are needed to strengthen research to provide basic information that would aid in the development of new, highly selective, and safer chemicals to control pests through studies of metabolism in insects, crops, and livestock; also, to develop improved methods for irradiating insects and to determine the genetic effects of radiation on them. Part of the increase is needed for additional equipment.

These studies would provide information on how pesticides and their identifiable metabolities affect insects and crops, how they are absorbed, transported. and eliminated in plants and animals, and help to determine the complex relationship between the insect, its host, and the toxicant.

The insect sterility research would be strengthened by initiating research to develop methods of inducing sterilization on selected insect species by radiation that will avoid loss of sexual vigor and to determine the genetic effects of radiation on insects.

Watershed research centers.-There is widespread need at this time for expanded water-related research especially in the fields of watershed engineering and management. Funds have been provided for four of the six watershed research centers included in Senate Document 59, 86th Congress, 1st session; however, three of them continue to be only partially financed. The information gained at these centers is needed in the Department's expanding activity in the small watershed program authorized by Public Law 78-534 and Public Law 83-566.

The various watershed structures, measuring flumes, etc., at these centers can be regarded as the "laboratory benches" at which the scientist does his work. The increases requested would provide for additional “laboratory benches" and equipment thereto as projected for effective study of the watersheds. Existing structures have been designed and built so as to provide key watershed information. However, it remains for complete instrumentation and construction of auxiliary watershed flumes, and other structures to provide maximum research data.

A hydrograph center for evolving and testing models and analyzing data collected is basic to meeting this need and a part of the recommendation for this research. Such a center has been established on a modest scale at Beltsville, Md.

The current needs for this research are as follows:

Tucson, Ariz., $60,000.-The Southwest Watershed Center is now on the threshold of providing significant advancement in the science of watershed management. Many of the key watershed structures have been installed. In order for this facility to realize its full design potential, additional funds are needed for the remaining structures and equipment to carry on this research. Lack of adequate funding for this purpose would further delay the integrated work of the various components of the program.

The Southwest Watershed Center has made a major breakthrough in devising and developing new techniques in the integrated use of radar as a watershed research tool. This increase would, in part, enable a more effective followup of these promising leads by providing for adequate equipment.

The objectives of this center include research to gain basic information on the effects of management of southwestern grass and shrublands on water supply and improvement of streamflow in connection with watershed protection measures. This center with satellite locations will give information on the management of our soil and water resources of vital interest to five States of the Southwestern United States.

Chickasha, Okla., $30,000.—The Department has initiated soil and water conservation research near the middle of the Washita River Basin in order to develop urgently needed hydrologic data. The research will provide basic data relating to the streams and watersheds that transect the break from the plains to the prairies and cross-timber areas. Such data are essential to the effectiveness of the national watershed development program with particular applicability to the Southern Plains. This increase would provide a part of the funds needed for essential technical aids and operation of the rain gage network, streamflow, and sediment measuring equipment already installed.

The emphasis of research at this watershed research center is in determining the downstream effects upon floodflows, water yields, and sedimentation associated with watershed protection programs in upstream tributaries. The research is being concentrated on an 80-mile reach of the main stem of the Washita River and 1,100 square miles of adjoining area. The research seeks an understanding of principles in such a manner that results obtained in this study area can be transposed as guidelines in developing plans for watershed protection and development activities in other parts of the Southern Plains region. Some of the essential instrumentation for measurements of precipitation, streamflow, sediment load, soil moisture, ground water, and stream channel erosion or filling have been installed. The additional funds requested would be used for supporting personnel and for related operating expenses.

Columbia, Mo., $45,000.-Research is underway at the North-Central Watershed Research Center to provide basic information on precipitation runoff relationships and to gain fundamental knowledge on the causes, control, and prevention of severe gully formation as it relates to watershed protection. Because of insufficient funds no start has been made on geomorphological factors affecting runoff and sediment losses from watersheds.

The new funds would be used to activate a project on the effect of land forms, topographic features, number of channels, and geological factors affecting sediment accumulation and transport. Also these new funds would permit implementing a study to determine the effect of the geomorphology of watersheds on precipitation runoff relationships. Currently no research is underway on these important aspects of the watershed problem in the North-Central States. An understanding of some of the fundamental relationships involved is imperative in developing a sound and economical program for conservation practices and engineering structures on watersheds. Research data would also be useful to soil conservation districts. An assessment of the importance of geomorphological factors would help in planning structures and use of reservoirs for recreation, water impoundment, and sediment entrapment.

Beltsville, Md., (hydrograph center), $60,000.-Agriculture faces a tremendous challenge and a great opportunity in the current and increasing competition for water. Agriculture and forestry are the first recipients of the Nation's water supply and the principal users of the land resources. Sound management of agricultural land and water resources not only affects the efficiency of agricultural enterprises, but also has a great bearing on water supplies for urban and industrial users. Sound decisions must be based on accurate information accrued through valid research.

The objectives of the U.S. Hydrograph Laboratory are to evolve and test mathematical models explaining the governing principles of runoff hydrographs. A group of highly specialized scientists working as a team is required to conceive and develop new theories and new principles which can be used to reduce watershed engineering problems to their basic components, and thereby derive computational techniques and procedures for solutions which are universally applicable and can be used by action agencies in projecting data to ungaged watersheds. Senate Document 59 sets forth the need for a national facility for this specialized analysis of hydrologic data.

To date the Department has initiated this pioneering program on a limited scale. The addition of a geomorphologist and a hydrologist, and supporting personnel, is essential to increasing the rate at which new analytical techniques may be delevoped and speed up the release and use of data as better guiding principles for the rapidly expanding watershed improvement program.

Mr. WHITTEN. We will be glad to have that done.

Doctor, we appreciate your statement and we won't belabor the point. This committee has served a number of years here. We know

the fine job you and your Department do, and the record will show the highlights.

You might proceed to the other increase items.

RESEARCH RELATED TO PESTICIDE RESIDUES

Dr. RODENHISER. Our next series of items for which we are requesting increases concern expansion of our research to avoid or minimize hazards associated with the control of agricultural pests. The total increase is for $1.5 million.

With your permission, I would like to insert pages 20 to 25 of the explanatory notes which tell of the need for the increase and what we would do with it.

(The pages follow:)

AN INCREASE OF $1,500,000 TO EXPAND RESEARCH TO AVOID OR MINIMIZE HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL PESTS

NEED FOR INCREASE

The advances made during the past two decades to control or eradicate pests by the use of pesticides has been a major factor in the attainment of agricultural efficiency in the United States at levels never before matched by any other nation. They have also been a vital factor in the achievement of higher standards of health and comfort in this country and in many parts of the world plagued by insect-borne diseases. The aftermath of this outstanding progress is a growing fear that the extensive and intensive use of these pesticides poses a major health risk to the consumer because of residues that may occur in foods or because of man's exposure, even at low levels, to pesticidal dusts, sprays, etc.

Pesticides are designed for specific pests but they can and do destroy destruetive and beneficial insects and other organisms alike. Under certain circumstances they will kill or pose risks to fish, wildlife, and other organisms in the environment. Progress has been made in the selection of pesticides and in their manner of use which greatly reduce their potential hazards to beneficial organisms in the treated environment. Through diligent and costly research efforts by industry, State experiment stations, and by Department scientists, residues in foods have been kept to a minimum. Nevertheless, serious residue problems continue to confront our agricultural industry. Conservationists are not willing to accept the losses to wildlife that sometimes occur and the additional risk that the more persistent pesticides pose in the total wildlife environment through food chain magnification.

Aware of the seriousness, magnitude, and complexity of the hazard problems associated with the extensive use of many currently available pesticides, every effort has been made for 10 years to reorient research so that major attention would be directed to the development of biological means for control, the development of specific chemicals, such as attractants for insects, that would affect only the target species, and the development of types of pesticides and ways to use them which would minimize hazards. Within available resources outstanding progress has been achieved.

Especially promising leads have been obtained for meeting major insect problems by the use of specific attractants, by using naturally occurring viruses and other diseases of insects, by applying the sterile male principle, and by developing crop varieties which resist insect attack. As recommended by the President's Science Advisory Committee, which has recognized the merits of the redirected research efforts, there is an urgent need to intensify efforts to develop leads that have been obtained and to investigate other new and safer ways which will control insects without sacrificing the high standards of insect control required to maintain agricultural efficiency and health standards.

Every effort in research is being made to develop alternate methods of pest control but the need for use of pesticides will exist for the foreseeable future. Research must be concentrated on the search for alternative controls and ways of using them for maximum safety to man and his environment. In their 1963 report on the use of pesticides the President's Science Advisory Committee called

attention to the lack of Federal research designed to develop methods for positive diagnosis of pesticide poisoning or damage.

The Committee also emphasized the need for complete information concerning the various pesticides in all forms of life and their interaction with drugs, antibiotics, and other chemicals with which animal life may come in contact. Although chemicals applied directly to livestock have been studied more extensively in livestock than other pesticides, much is yet to be learned. At least 50 compounds presently utilized in agriculture have not been studied for their effects upon or in livestock, some of these being insecticides, others herbicides, defoliants, and fungicides. Very little is known of the interaction of pesticides and other chemicals in livestock, but it is known that they can be serious problems. For example, in 1963 it was determined that vitamin A, commonly added to feed, played an important part in increasing the toxicity of certain insecticides. In the limited studies it was shown that at least three enzyme systems are affected rather markedly, other than the cholinesterase system usually given primary consideration. Brahman cattle were found to be far more susceptible than European breeds to certain organic phosphoric compounds. Severe effects upon weight gain were found to exist in the absence of clinical or obvious signs of other illness. Studies such as these must be continued and enlarged if detoxication pathways and mechanisms are to be found.

PLAN OF WORK

The lines of research to be undertaken are as follows:

Insect parasites, predators, and insect diseases, $280,000.-Specific viruses and other insect pathogens have been found which offer the possibility of controlling serious pests including the corn earworm, tobacco budworm, citrus mites, and the cabbage looper. Basic research would be undertaken to search for new pathogens affecting other important insect pests affecting agricultural crops, livestock, and man, and to develop ways to use them. Research to develop pathogens for controlling insects affecting vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, and forage crops would be intensified. The work on parasite exploration and introduction would also be strengthened by providing additional assistance to search for and identify parasites and predators useful in the control of injurious insects. Naturally occurring insect attractants, $200,000.-Outstanding progress has been made in the discovery of highly specific chemical substances in insects that can be used as attractants. It has been shown that sex attractants occur in such important pests as the pink bollworm, cockroaches, cabbage looper, cucumber beetle, peace tree borer, codling moth, and the housefly. Promising basic chemical research is underway to determine the nature of the attractant in the pink bollworm and the tobacco hornworm. Work would be expanded to study the nature of the attractant in such insects as the cabbage looper, cucumber beetle, and codling moth, and to synthesize those for which the structure is determined. Research on the behavior of the insect and how the attractants might be used for control will be expanded with emphasis on the cucumber beetle, peach tree borer, housefly, and the codling moth. Research would be initiated to find attractants for the Japanese beetle and white fringed beetle.

Use of sterile insects for insect control or eradication, $100,000.- The use of sterile insects as a unique and highly specific method of control has been demonstrated for the screw-worm, a major pest of livestock, and recently for the melon fly, an important pest of vegetables and fruits. Important research progress has been made in the development of this method for possible use in controlling or eradicating other insects including the oriental fruit fly, Mediterranean fruit fly, Mexican fruit fly, codling moth, pink bollworm, boll weevil, and the housefly. Chemicals have been found which will sterilize insects in essentially the same way as atomic energy. Basic work on the chemical structure and synthesis of chemical sterilants possessing maximum safety would be intensified. Basic studies on the mode of action on insects of the known chemical sterilants would be undertaken. Field studies on the codling moth to help develop this promising method for controlling this major pest of fruits would be strengthened.

Development of crop varieties resistant to insects, diseases, and nematodes. $320,000. This long-range approach represents the ideal method for insect and nematode control. No adverse effects to man and his environment can be produced by insect, disease, and nematode resistant crop varieties. It