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these plastics on the trees and looking for plastics that might work better than the ones they have at the present time.

RATE OF OBLIGATIONS

Mr. WHITTEN. Doctor, these projects are good, but we know it is a very slow process to find qualified people in some of these countries and thus difficult to get the maximum rate of progress. To what extent have you obligated the funds that we have given you heretofore. I know you have been working at this, but most of us have been in these foreign countries and know how slow it is.

Dr. HILBERT. On June 30, 1963, we had obligated about $25 million equivalent in foreign currency since inception of the program.

Mr. WHITTEN. I am not an expert in this field, but Mr. Natcher is an expert in this word "obligated." He worked with Mr. Passman. They know the difference between "obligate" and "commit" and "spend" and "release" and "contract" and "deobligate." I know because I hear him using it to the point that I just can't keep up.

So you better explain what you mean by obligated.

Dr. HILBERT. By obligation we mean that as soon as the grantee signs the grant we obligate all the money that that grantee needs for the full life of the grant. In other words, we place a ceiling on the cost of the grant. But we only pay for actual costs. In other words, if we get no more funds from here on out, at least we have enough of funds to finance all of the grants that have been executed for their full life.

Mr. WHITTEN. In other words, you won't be coming back for cash? Dr. HILBERT. That is right.

Mr. WHITTEN. You can see the finish of your project and you tie a string around it at that time.

Dr. HILBERT. That is right.

For fiscal year 1965 we have requested $5 million, which would be used to finance grants for the full life.

Dr. SHAW. An increase of $3.75 million, making a total of $5 million.

Dr. HILBERT. Yes. We are requesting $5 million, which is an increase of $3.75 million. These funds would be used to finance additional grants probably around 75 for their full life. These funds would be used in India, Israel, Poland, Egypt, and Yugoslavia. Of this amount $2 million would be used for 104 (a) market development activities. As I have already indicated to you, the funds shown for Yugoslavia and Poland, as well as funds in Egypt, and some other funds have been earmarked for conversion, to obtain money, if it is available, in hard currency countries for market development activities. The other $3 million is earmarked for 104(k) activities, for farm research, forestry research, and human nutrition research in India and in Pakistan, and of this $3 million, $100,000 would be used for translation. These funds would be transferred to the National Science Foundation, which already has an existing setup for getting translations of Russian agriculture research articles. They do translate some of these articles at the present time, but they are unable to translate all of the articles that we would like to get.

PROPOSED RESEARCH

I have a list of the titles of all of the research projects we would implement with the funds which are requested for next year. Perhaps you may wish to have these titles inserted into the record. Mr. WHITTEN. We will be pleased to have them.

(The document follows:)

LIST OF PENDING RESEARCH PROJECTS BEING CONSIDERED FOR ACTIVATION IN FISCAL YEAR 1965 UNDER SECTIONS 104 (A) AND (K) OF PUBLIC LAW 480

Relationship of cottonseed meal to trout hepatoma.

Investigation of the possibility of modifying the properties of cross-linked cotton fabric by control of sites of cross-linking and hydrogen bonding. Reversals in cotton fibers, its significance in the growth phenomena and its effects on the mechanical properties of cotton fibers.

Development of an electronic device to separate neps and trash during neps counting on the card web, in view of improving the efficiency and quality of cotton spinning.

Investigation of the mechanism of crease formation and recovery in ease-ofcare treated cotton fabrics, to supply fundamental knowledge required for the design of improved textiles.

A study of the chemistry and structural nature of the bonds formed between formaldehyde and cellulose in formaldehyde-treated cottons to provide basic information needed to improve the utility of cotton fabrics.

The synthesis and determination of the properties of new aziridinyl phosphorus compounds having potential for use in the treatment of cotton, to afford new products of increased utility.

Investigations on the mechanism and structural changes involved by thermal, acid, or alkali degradation of cereal starches, to provide basic information for the development of new starch products suited for industrial applications. Studies of the structure of dough and baked products as a function of interactions between dough constituents, with special reference to interactions involving lipids, in order to improve the utilization of different wheats in baking technology.

A study of the soluble pentosans and associated proteins of wheat flour, and their relation to rheological behavior and oxidative improvement, as a contribution to expanded markets for wheat.

Investigations to discover microorganisms which produce useful quantities of D-tartaric acid and to explore laboratory processes for its production by fermentation of cereal grain products.

Exploratory studies of basidiomycetes from selected families as fermentation agents for converting cereal grain carbohydrates to useful products.

Development of methods for the improved preparation of protein hydrolysates for the determination of amino acids to provide a more accurate means for assessment of protein quality and nutritive value of oilseed proteins. Fundamental studies on the formation of the structural polysaccharides as plant cell wall constituents, to supply knowledge needed in developing methods for improving the texture of processed fruits.

Invisible marking of seeds.

Resistance to two major stored grain pests in world collection of wheat. Investigations on methods for the chemical preparation and characterization of hydroxyethyl ethers of cereal starches prepared by partial replacement of specific hydroxyl groups to obtain new starch products with improved properties. Search for lytic enzymes of microbial origin with activity on cell walls of bacteria, actinomycetes, molds, and yeasts to provide a basis for the development of new fermentation processes for the increased utilization of cereal grains. Preparation of polymerizable monomers from castor oil, hydroxyunsaturated fatty acids, to increase the utilization of castor seed oil.

A study of the kinetics and thermodynamics of fat autoxidation by polarographic and potentiometric methods, to obtain basic information for expanding the utilization of fats.

Isolation and determination of the flavor components of defatted soybean meal and proteins, and elucidation of their chemical and physical properties, to provide information basie to increasing the utilization of soybean food products. An investigation of metalation reactions employing alkali and alkaline earth metals and their derivatives for the modification of mono- and dienoic-fatty acids to provide increased functionality, thereby leading to possible new uses for cottonseed, Limnanthes douglasii, and umbelliferous oils in industrial applications.

A study of the preparation of new chemical derivatives from acrylonitrile and fatty acids derived from the oils of cottonseed, tung, and other oilseeds of the southern region of the United States, to obtain information leading to potential new uses for these oils.

A study of the formation of unnatural nucleic acids by use of purine and pyrimidine analogues and their effect on protein synthesis and irradiation sensitivity, to obtain basic information that could lead to a better understanding of the factors contributing to the composition and behavior of milk and other natural products.

Process studies on the economical recovery of hemicellulose from corn bran to provide a new water-soluble gum product for industrial applications, as a basis for increased utilization of corn.

The separation of pure phosphopeptones from hydrolyzed caseins and the determination of their structures, to obtain basic information which may be of use in improved milk processing and products.

The metabolism of phosphate compounds in respiration.

A study of the structural environment of cystine in wool, to provide fundamental information required to improve the character of wool as a textile fiber, thus increasing prospects for its utilization.

The antimicrobial action of biphenyl and derivatives of byphenyl on citrus spoiling microorganisms.

Investigation of the role of metals in enzyme action to provide a basis for use or control of these enzymes during dehydration of vegetables, thereby increasing the market potential of vegetable products.

Study on availability and mechanism of carotene and vitamin A utilization from different dietary sources and under different experimental conditions. Automatic sorting of potatoes by extrior and interior defects so as to allow automatic packing,

Quality evaluation of potatoes.

The effect of chronic administration of food additives having detergent properties on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.

The control of the weed Brome-rape found with vegetable crops.

Morphological and experimental studies of the neurosecretory system of the central nervous system of some laboratory test animals and farm animals under the effect of stress, and of the effects of some drugs upon these changes. Virological and serological investigations on the bovine mucosal disease complex. Comparison of the productivity of permanent and rotation pastures. Factors affecting the overwintering of red and alsike clovers under long dormancy. The resistance of breeding material of winter cereals and forage crops to low temperature parasitic fungi and the environmental conditions under which these fungi are most destructive.

Response of the fowl to photoperiod.

Physiopathological studies of oil-yielding species of mustard, rape, and allied plants.

Physiology of disease development in early blights of tomato and eggplant. Biochemical studies on the plant parasites, dodder, and witch weed. Chemotherapy of plant viruses with special reference to tobacco mosaic virus. Collection, maintenance, and assessment of indigenous genetic stocks of legumes and grasses for fodder, forage, food, and conservation purposes.

Studies on leaf spot species occurring on cereals and other grasses, with special reference to species occurring in corn and sorghum.

Studies on the adaptation of fungi to fungicides.

Studies of leaf hoppers and related genera with special reference to their role as vectors of plant virus.

Hereditary variation in the ability of green peach aphid to transmit potato leafroll and virus Y.

Biology of gall midges affecting citrus plants with special reference to the extent of damage.

Nutritional studies on food grains such as sorghums, pennisetums, and minor millets.

Biology and control of troublesome perennial weeds: Bermuda grass, nut grass, Johnson grass.

The physiological basis of the tolerance of horticultural crops to cold, drought, and water stresses.

Artificial propagation of the olive-fly and a survey and evaluation of its pathogens and those of the Mediterranean fruit fly.

Utilization of soils affected by salinity for crops and physiology of salt toler

ance.

Runoff inducement in arid lands through rainfall infiltration control.
Studies on ultrastructural changes in essential fatty acid deficiency.
Host-pathogen relations in tomato anthracnose.

The influence of the growth hormone somatothropine on fat metabolism in adult hens.

The action of triazine herbicides, simazine, and atrazine on the complexes of microflora in maize crop rotation.

Investigation on the Leucocytozoon infection in chickens and development of effective treatment.

Genetic studies on the characters of mutations induced by radiations in rice. Investigation on diseases and microbial control of European corn borer. Bacteriological, chemical, and nutritional analysis of local and imported foods consumed in Taiwan.

Identification, ecology, and forage and fire control value of native Mediterranean range plants for type conversion, erosion control and wildlife habitat in southern California.

Anatomical changes in epithelial cells, resin ducts, and adjacent tissue following various chemical treatments to stimulate gum flow in pines. Studies of wood formation and dormancy in forest trees.

Utilization of the pure cultures of mycorrhizal fungi in afforestation under diverse ecologic environments.

The quantity, quality, and seasonal variation of food resources available to the red deer in various environmental conditions of forest management.

A comparative study on the photosynthesis of various ecotypes of Scotch pine seedlings grown under different environmental conditions.

Intensification of the resin outflow by chemical means with hormonal action. A study of the evolutionary development of Acacia as a means of determining polyploid development in Acacia koa.

Serological studies of incompatibility in forest trees.

Role of nutrient concentrations in the biosynthesis of oleoresins.

Exploration of the fundamental chemical and physical linkages involved in the mechanism and extinguishment of free-burning combustion of cellulosic fuels. Tissue culture of pines and allied conifers.

Chromosomal examination of pines and their hybrids.

Dr. HILBERT. That completes my testimony, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. WHITTEN. Thank you, Doctor. I think this area of research is essential.

Dr. Shaw, I have had a number of individual inquiries here.

RESEARCH AT KERRVILLE, TEX.

An inquiry has been made of me regarding a proposed move of your research from Kerrville to College Station, Tex. What is the situation there?

Dr. SHAW. There are no plans for such a move at this time. However, for a long time there has been an urgent need for a modern and well-equipped laboratory at Kerrville, Tex., to insure adequate progress on research on means of controlling livestock insects, including both chemical and nonchemical approaches and also residue and toxicological studies. The work of this Service at Kerrville is conducted cooperatively by the Entomology, Animal Disease and Parasite, and Agricultural Engineering Research Divisions. The possibil

ity of obtaining improved facilities has been considered in recent years, but budgetary limitations have not permitted us to move forward on this.

In connection with the construction of new facilities, it has been the policy of the Agricultural Research Service to locate such facilities at land-grant institutions in order to enhance cooperative work and to permit Federal scientists to become a part of an academic environment. Accordingly, some consideration has been given to the possibility of relocating the laboratory at College Station, Tex., if in the future provision is made for new laboratory facilities.

However, in view of the serviceable facilities already at Kerrville which could continue to be used, thorough consideration would need to be given to the financial aspects of establishing a new laboratory at another point. The cost of replacement of serviceable facilities such as those now at Kerrville would result in increased cost to set up an installation at another point.

YORK SPOT DISEASE OF APPLE

Mr. WHITTEN. What is York spot disease of apples and how does it affect the industry?

Dr. SHAW. York spot, named because of its severe damaging effect on the York Imperial variety of apple, is an old disease known for over 80 years but seemingly more prevalent in the last 25 years. It is characterized by relatively large areas of hard brown tissue in the flesh of mature fruits. These areas occur more or less indiscriminately in any part of the fruit and if near the surface, may be depressed. They are distinguished from bitter pit, another old, somewhat similar disorder, by the smaller sized lesions and tendency of the latter to occurrence around the blossom end. York spot affects several varieties of apples but is particularly serious on York Imperial because it is the principal processing variety grown in Eastern United States. When affected apples are processed for sauce or slices, the brown spots reduce the quality of the product. Since the affected tissue is often internal, it is not possible to eliminate affected fruits by sorting either before or after peeling.

In bad years, York spot has caused a 35-percent loss to the total crop of York apples and 100 percent in some orchards. The York Imperial is by far the most satisfactory processing apple, except for York spot, for all products. Processing of York can begin as soon as fruit is mature and can be extended over a long season with stored fruit, whereas other varieties, inferior to York for processing but satisfactory from the orchard, are not satisfactory for long storage. Approximately 5 million bushels of York Imperial are grown in the northeastern Appalachian region, representing approximately $10 million to the grower.

Mr. WHITTEN. What research is underway on this disease?

Dr. SHAW. Determination of the cause of York spot has received much concentrated effort by various State experiment stations and commercial concerns but is still unknown. In 1960, the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station concluded research implicating boron deficiency but in later work this was not confirmed. The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station, after extensive research,

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