through history relatively little effort has been made to deal with these problems?

Dr. CLARKSON. Both.

Mr. WHITTEN. Doctor-did you want to finish that last chart?

Dr. CLARKSON. I want to point out that African swine fever, a killer disease and very hard to distinguish from hog cholera, has in recent years spread into Spain and Portugal with very drastic effects on their swine production.

Mr. WHITTEN. The relatively undeveloped situation of Africa also means that they have more wild animal carriers than most of any section of the world, does it not?

Dr. CLARKSON. Yes, sir. Because their method of husbandry often has been nomadic in character, the disease is spread long distances along with the herdsmen and their animals.

ANAPLASMOSIS

Mr. WHITTEN. Turning to another matter: I have had several complaints because the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare cut out a grant for work on anaplasmosis. I asked why, and I was advised that it had shown relatively little progress. Sitting on this committee, I have had known through the years, that when progress is not being made there should be some limit as to how long it continues. Does this work fail to show any promise at all?

Health, Education, and Welfare is rather liberal, with grants, or so they say, but yet in this instance they have withdrawn the grant. Dr. CLARKSON. I don't know about that at all.

Mr. WHITTEN. It is HEW.

Dr. CLARKSON. I recognize that. They were interested in this because the organism causing anaplasmosis in animals is similar to other organisms of similar type that may affect man. The anaplasmosis that we have in this country is a slightly different type than one of the types which is known in Africa. We happen to have called only one type Anaplasma marginale. In addition, they have a type called Anaplasma centrale.

Some countries in Africa have developed a vaccine from the centrale organism. It is of considerable effectiveness on that continent. There has been a good deal of effort here to devise a similar vaccine using the organism native to this country. Thus far, we have been unsuccessful in developing a good vaccine. We have not allowed the organism from Africa to be brought in here, although a great many livestock people have been very strong in their request for this.

Mr. WHITTEN. Is this a part of your Plum Island operation? Dr. CLARKSON. No, it is not, Mr. Chairman. The vaccine which African countries find useful is a live organism vaccine. You cannot use it in a country that is free of the organism without the hazard of spreading another type of the very disease that you are fighting. So, we are sure that we would very quickly have two diseases instead of one. We would have the type we have now as well as introducing the type known in Africa.

Mr. WHITTEN. Does that fit into Dr. Hilbert's operation? Do you have any projects on this particular disease being carried on over there?

Dr. CLARKSON. Dr. Hilbert has brought to my attention a grant made to the University of Uruguay, located in Montevideo. This is in the amount of $101,000 of Public Law 480 funds, about half of which is for anaplasmosis.

The grant is for 4 years for conduct of investigations or diagnosis and methods of prevention and treatment of anaplasmosis and piroplasmosis.

Mr. WHITTEN. Doctor, I would appreciate it if you would take it up with Health, Education, and Welfare and see what the situation is, and whether this has been a sound decision and what could be done to implement it, if it should be implemented. Give us the facts if you will.

Dr. CLARKSON. There is no doubt about the importance of anaplasmosis to our livestock economy. In many States, it is the greatest single obstacle to reducing the costs of livestock production.

Mr. WHITTEN. I wish you would enlarge on that and you might include the effects on humans.

Dr. CLARKSON. All right, sir.

(The information referred to follows:)

ANAPLASMOSIS

Anaplasmosis is an infectious blood disease of cattle causing substantial economic losses to livestock producers in areas of the United States where the disease is prevalent. The disease has been studied in various parts of the world for several decades. While considerable knowledge has been acquired, important gaps remain concerning the classification of the organism causing anaplasmosis; the organism's life cycle; immunization against the disease; and how to save acutely ill cattle.

The disease is transmitted among cattle by insect vectors such as ticks and biting flies. The disease is not transmissible to humans.

The Agricultural Research Service is conducting research on anaplasmosis which is the greatest single obstacle in many States to reducing costs of livestock production.

The research on anaplasmosis in cattle is carried on by our Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, with some research also by the Entomology Research Division on vectors of the disease. Animal disease and parasite research on anaplasmosis in cattle is estimated at $196,500 for fiscal year 1964. Such research is conducted at Beltsville, Md., and includes studies on: (1) immaterials and techniques for diagnosis, (3) methods of natural and experimental transmission of the disease, (4) the mechanisms of infection, (5) further information on the physical properties of the parasite, including electron-microscopic determinations, and (6) improved methods of control including management practices, vector control and use of antibiotics. Entomological research on control of vectors of anaplasmosis is estimated at $16,100 for fiscal year 1964.

In recent years, field trials by our Animal Disease Eradication Division have been conducted in Mississippi and other regions which have demonstrated that herds of cattle can be freed of anaplasmosis by following certain management practices in conjunction with the use of the complement-fixation test developed by the Department. This test discloses carrier animals of anaplasmosis and is effective in confirming clinical diagnosis. Animals reacting to the test are separated from other animals in order to free the herd of the disease.

The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare had a 3-year grant of funds to the Mississippi State University for research on anaplasmosis from the general standpoint of the process of infectious diseases. The Department of Health. Education, and Welfare has advised that the project was not continued because the problem was of secondary importance to public health and that it was unlikely to yield significant new information of a basic character.

FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES

Dr. CLARKSON. I would like to mention several other foreign animal diseases that present a definite threat to the United States. Conta

gious pleuropneumonia is native to Australia and Africa. African horse sickness has spread from Africa to the Near and Middle East. There is quite a traffic in Arabian horses into this country. We have to hold these animals in quarantine at the Clifton (N.J.) station in efforts to prevent diseased animals from entering the country. We have already mentioned the other important diseases.

CATTLE FEVER TICK

At one time, the cattle fever tick was firmly established in the Southern and Southwestern United States. After an intensive effort of some 45 to 50 years requiring the most arduous and careful work, it was eradicated. We now have no more fever ticks in the United States except for instances where livestock come across the border from Mexico. These are dealt with promptly although the frequency of such cases has increased steadily in the past several years. We must use a substantial amount of the funds in our animal disease eradication work to prevent the establishment of cattle tick fever in this country by reentry from Mexico. I emphasize this fact because it is an important one. We dare not relax our preventive efforts.

(The chart and related explanatory note material follow :)

1. Entry of foreign animal diseases prevented.-During fiscal year 1963 animal inspection and quarantine activities at all ports of entry effectively prevented the introduction and dissemination of exotic diseases, as well as the contagion of communicable diseases already existing in the United States. Also, this marked the 34th consecutive year of freedom from foot-and-mouth disease, the most dreaded of all livestock diseases. Emphasis was continued toward the thorough inspection and quarantine of all imported animals and poultry and safe handling procedures for imported animal products and related materials.

The threat of new diseases gaining entry becomes more serious each year due to the continuing increase in worldwide travel and commerce and the insidious spread of destructive diseases to new countries and areas. There is every indication that trade and travel will expand as the world population increases and as the use of aircargo transportation increases.

During fiscal year 1963, it was determined that foot-and-mouth disease now exists in Cuba and it was added to the list of countries from which certain animals, meats and related animal materials is prohibited or restricted. During the year, particular attention was directed toward the possibility of Cuban refugees bringing infectious materials with them on clothing, footwear, and personal effects. Surveillance was given by animal quarantine inspectors to the entry of 83 Cuban groups comprising 8,063 refugees. Excellent cooperation was extended by the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Determination was made that foot-and-mouth disease and rinderpest do not exist in Japan and certain prohibitions and restrictions on the importation of animals and animal products from that country were removed, effective July 30, 1963.

2. Inspection activities at ports of entry increases.—The following table shows the number of animals, including poultry inspected during fiscal year 1963.

Certain importations of animals and poultry were quarantined for variable periods of time at ports of entry to further determine their freedom from communicable diseases. All animals from Mexico were individually chute inspected and given precautionary treatments against cattle fever ticks or scabies mites. 3. Laboratory screening tests detect carrier animals at ports of entry.-Dourine and glanders of horses have been eradicated from the United States, but these diseases may be reintroduced and become established by importation of apparently healthy but carrier animals. Laboratory examination of 6,802 serum samples of equine stock offered for importation disclosed 11 positive or suspicious for dourine and 8 for glanders. Glanders is also transmissible to humans and is quite frequently fatal. All animals not negative to tests were refused entry and destroyed or returned to point of origin.

Brucellosis tests of imported cattle at ports of entry resulted in the rejection of 881 animals.

4. Stray and smuggled animals represent disease hazard.-Intensive efforts were continued by quarantine enforcement inspectors to apprehend all illegally entered animals because of their questionable health status and parasitic infestation. A total of 4,129 stray animals (14 from Canada and 4.115 from Mexico) and 82 smuggled animals, all from Mexico, were apprehended. After examinations and precautionary treatments they were returned to the country of origin or disposed of in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Fencing along the Mexican border, which serves to deter straying animals, was repaired in the most critical areas, within limitations of funds available for animal disease and pest control.

5. Zoo animals held under permanent postentry quarantine.-The importation of wild ruminants and wild swine from countries where foot-and-mouth disease or rinderpest exists (cattle, other domestic ruminants and swine prohibited), are permitted entry but only for exhibition in zoological parks that meet prescribed standards of physical facilities and management. During the year, 62 wild ruminants were entered, bringing to 316 the number consigned to permanent postentry quarantine in 32 approved zoos. Further development of tranquilization techniques made more detailed inspections and precautionary treatments of the wild animals possible.

6. Inspection of imported animal products and related materials. Each year, animal products are brought in from many foreign countries for agricultural, industrial, or pharmaceutical purposes. These products and related materials are permitted entry only under rigid regulations requiring careful inspection at ports of entry, inasmuch as they present a very real danger of foreign disease introduction. Those subject to further regulatory action are shipped to approved destination establishments under seal where they are processed under further supervision. Such importations in fiscal year 1963 included:

In addition to the above, 156,322 pounds (40,137 lots) of prohibited or restricted meats were intercepted from passenger baggage, from mail and express shipments, and as refuse from foreign ships and planes and destroyed by incineration and contaminated areas disinfected. Emphasis was continued on efforts to inform the public about inspection and quarantine restrictions as the increased volume of foreign trade and travel intensifies the risk of introducing contagion of animal diseases.

7. Inspection of export livestock increases.-Expansion of U.S. export trade is aided by dependence of foreign governments upon U.S. export regulations and integrity of enforcement to provide them with healthy animals arriving in good condition. During the year, 11,444 animals were inspected for health and certified to 53 foreign countries, exclusive of Canada and Mexico. This represented a substantial increase over previous year. About 83 percent were shipped by air. 8. Purebred animals certified for duty-free entry.—As an aid to the improve ment of animal breeding stocks inspectors at ports of entry identified and issued certificates as to purity of breeding as follows:

ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL AND ERADICATION

Dr. CLARKSON. In the animal disease control and eradication programs, a great deal of emphasis is being placed on efforts to obtain