Inspection and regulatory activities, primarily inspections at ports of entry, are conducted to prevent the introduction from abroad of insect pests, nematodes, and plant diseases, to prevent movement of such plant diseases and pests between U.S. possessions and the mainland and to provide certification of freedom of pests on plants and plant products to meet import requirements of countries of destination.

ANIMAL DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL

Current activities.-Nationwide animal disease control and eradication programs to protect the livestock industry are conducted in cooperation with State and local agencies. Laws and regulations are administered to prevent the spread of diseases through interstate shipments of livestock and poultry and to insure humane treatment of transported livestock. Disease conditions are diagnosed.

Through a system of inspection and quarantines, activities are conducted to prevent the introduction into this country of communicable animal diseases of foreign origin. Determinations are made regarding the freedom from disease of animals, poultry, animal products, and related materials presented for importation from foreign countries. Livestock for export are inspected, health certificates issued, and facilities examined to assure provisions for humane and safe transportation. Under the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, activities are conducted to prevent the production and interstate distribution of worthless, contaminated, dangerous, and harmful veterinary biologics.

PESTICIDES REGULATION

Current activities. Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended, insecticide, fungicides, rodenticides, sanitizers, and disinfectants on inanimate surfaces, nematocides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, desiccants, defoliants, products for controlling, repelling, or mitigating any mammal, bird, reptile, fish, or any other pest offered for interstate shipment or importation must be registered by the Department.

When an application for registration is presented, convincing evidence must be submitted as to the safety and effectiveness of the product for its intended purpose when used as directed, in accordance with warnings and cautions on the label.

In the administration of the functions assigned by the pesticides chemical amendment to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Public Law 518, the Department must certify to the Food and Drug Administration as to the usefulness of pesticide chemicals for which tolerances or exemptions therefrom have been requested by industry, and express an opinion as to whether the tolerances requested reasonably reflect the residues likely to remain on raw agricultural commodities from the directed use.

MEAT INSPECTION

Current activities.-Federal meat inspection assures that meat and meat products will be clean, sound, and wholesome for human consumption; free from adulteration, and truthfully labeled. The work consists of (1) the examination of food animals, including cattle, calves, sheep, swine, goats, and horses prior to slaughter to eliminate those animals found to be affected with diseases or other unwholesome conditions; (2) a thorough post mortem examination of each carcass at the time of slaughter to detect and eliminate diseased and otherwise unfit meat; (3) destruction for food purposes of all diseased, unsound, or otherwise unwholesome meat and meat food products; (4) supervision of the preparation of meat and meat food products to assure their cleanliness and wholesomeness during their preparation into articles of food; (5) guarding against the use of harmful preservatives and other deleterious ingredients; (6) supervision of the application of marks to meat and meat food products to show that they are "U.S. inspected and passed"; (7) supervision of the use of informative labels and prevention of the use of false and deceptive labels on meat and meat food products; (8) certification of meat and meat food products for export; (9) inspection of meat and meat food products offered for importation into this country; (10) supervision of the manufacture and labeling of process or renovated butter; (11) laboratory analyses to detect and eliminate meat and meat products containing harmful residues resulting from ingestion of pesticides, growthpromoting substances, drugs or biologicals, or the treatment with or similar exposure of animals to such substances; and (12) developing and determining acceptable methods for humane slaughter of meat animals. Meat and meat food

products are examined for compliance with specifications of governmental purchasing agencies, with reimbursements for the cost of such services. Reimbursements are also received from meatpacking establishments for the cost of overtime work performed at their request.

Dr. CLARKSON. I have several illustrations that point up some of the progress in our work and I would like to refer to these briefly, if I

may.

MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY

In the booklet you have before you, I would like to mention first the eradication of the Mediterranean fruit fly. This is an example of an emergency-type program. The Mediterranean fruit fly is not normally found in this country. Occasionally, it does come through the quarantine barrier. It has done so three times in the past 10 years. During this time, we have expanded our trapping and survey operations. Because of this, in the last two occurrences, we have been able to detect the pest much earlier. As this chart shows, this resulted in a reduction in eradication costs down to about 1 percent of what it was in the 1956-57 outbreak. There are no Mediterranean fruit flies in the United States at the present time. We have no funds budgeted for this particular program except for continued trapping and survey operations. In case another outbreak should occur, we would rely upon the contingency fund.

(The chart referred to and related material from the explanatory notes follow:)

Mediterranean fruit fly.-Through an effective trapping program, the Mediterranean fruit fly was discovered shortly after it entered Florida again in June 1962. Early detection enabled prompt initiation by State and Federal workers of an effective eradication and regulatory program against the pest. The campaign was successfully terminated in April 1963. Nearly 723,000 acres were treated in Broward, Dade, and Palm Beach counties.

Another small outbreak, involving about 1 square mile, was found in June 1963 near the Miami International Airport. Prompt State and Federal action was initiated to wipe out this incipient infestation. One additional male fly was found on August 28, 1963, at El Portal, Fla., near Miami. Eradication treatments for this small outbreak were completed in October 1963. On November 26, 1963, after a fly-free period of 90 days, Federal and State quarantine regulations were lifted.

The year-round trapping program for the Mediterranean fruit fly in Florida and other citrus-producing areas since the 1956-58 eradication campaign has proved highly effective in revealing small incipient infestations that have been eliminated quickly and economically. Over 20,000 traps, baited with synthetic lures, are now in operation in Florida alone. An additional 3,700 traps are being used in southern border areas of Mexico as a protective detection measure against the spread of the Mediterranean fruit fly from infested areas in Central America where the Mediterranean fruit fly infestation has increased greatly. Spread of this pest to Mexico from Central America would seriously threaten citrusproducing areas in this country.

CEREAL LEAF BEETLE

Dr. CLARKSON. The cereal leaf beetle is a new pest in the United States. It was found first in Michigan about 2 years ago. It now infests several counties in the States of Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. We are conducting research in cooperation with those States, to learn more about this beetle; such as its habits and its life history. In this way, we will be better informed on techniques for control of the pest and its elimination. Meanwhile, we are using those known control methods which are useful. We treated about 50,000 acres last year and plan to treat about the same number this year. This will enable us to keep the pest under control while we are trying to find better methods to eliminate it.

(Related material from explanatory notes follows:)

EXAMPLE OF RECENT ACTIVITY

Cereal leaf beetle.-This major pest of grain in Europe was discovered in the United States for the first time in July 1962. First infestations were detected in southwestern Michigan and shortly thereafter in adjacent Indiana. By December 1962, surveys showed the beetle infesting parts of four counties, two each in Michigan and Indiana. State and Federal plant pest officials immediately recognized the threat of this destructive pest to other grain-producing areas of the United States. Its potential here had already been demonstrated in Berrien County, Mich. where beetle populations had destroyed the small grain crop in some fields. To minimize spread to other grain areas, the States of Indiana and Michigan placed the infested area under quarantine. The quarantine requires that designated articles and commodities considered as a hazard of spread be suitably treated, handled or processed before being moved from the regulated area. Interim plans, with long-range objectives, were made for an intensive program of suppression and survey for the 1963 season.

A cooperative suppressive insecticide treatment program was carried out against known infestations on about 36,700 acres of wheat, oats, and barley in the spring of 1963. This successfully reduced hazardous populations in the heavily infested area. However, intensive surveys revealed additional infested counties. These were areas to which the beetle had spread prior to its discovery in Michigan. The first infestation was found in Ohio on May 28. By the end of July the pest had been found in a total of 46 counties: 25 in Indiana; 15 in Michigan; and 6 in Ohio. As the new areas were discovered, they were placed under quarantine regulations by the three States involved. Preliminary detection surveys conducted in 29 States outside the Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio areas in fiscal year 1963 indicate that long-distance spread through artificial means may not have occurred.

An additional suppressive campaign on 12,500 acres of corn in selected areas of Indiana and Michigan was carried out in July 1963, using the insecticide Sevin. In conjunction with cooperative research studies on this pest, methods improvement work on cereal leaf beetle control has shown that this material was more effective than malathion-the insecticide used in the spring treatment.

STATE COOPERATION

Mr. HORAN. Mr. Chairman, I wonder if he could indicate the cooperation you are getting from the States that are involved?

Mr. WHITTEN. May we have that for the record with regard to each of these programs?

Dr. CLARKSON. I will be glad to supply that information. (The information requested follows:)

FEDERAL AND COOPERATORS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO COOPERATIVE PLANT AND ANIMAL DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL AND ERADICATION PROGRAMS

The following tabulations indicate (1) estimated Federal and cooperators' contributions in fiscal year 1964 for each cooperative control and eradication program, and; (2) a summary of these contributions by State.

1 Reflects releases of $1,135,000 from the plant pest control contingency fund.

1 Reflects releases of $1,135,000 from the plant pest control contingency fund.