two-thirds vote of those present and voting shall be required to reverse such decision.

SEC. 8. Members incapacitated from work may leave the city on receiving the sanction of the full Relief Committee. In such a case a doctor's certificate as to such member's condition shall be required before paying sick benefits for each week.

SEC. 9. In addition to the sick benefits herein provided for, the association shall pay the sum of $50 to the immediate family of any member dying while in good standing, on proof of such death being furnished, which sum shall be devoted toward defraying the expenses of the funeral, and shall be raised by means of a pro rata emergency assessment.

ARTICLE IV

SECTION I. The Treasurer of the association shall open accounts for two separate funds, to wit: the "general fund," and the "emergency fund."

SEC. 2.

as paid.

To the general fund shall be credited the weekly dues

To the emergency fund shall be credited all donations to the association.

SEC. 3. All benefits shall be paid solely from the general fund until the same is exhausted. In such a case resort may then be had to the emergency fund.

ARTICLE V

SECTION 1. Loans may be made to members in good standing out of any moneys available for such purpose in the general fund if in the opinion of the Board of Directors a sufficient emergency exists on the part of the applicant to make such loan necessary. But no loan shall be made for a sum exceeding $20 to any one member. For a loan not exceeding $5 the borrower shall give an order for the amount on the cashier of the University Press payable on demand out of his salary. For a loan exceeding $5 a satisfactory indorser shall be furnished, in addition to giving the order as aforesaid. All loans must be repaid within four weeks. Interest shall be charged at the rate determined by the Board of Directors, and shall be payable in advance. No loan of less than $1 shall be made. Application for loans shall be made to the Secretary.

SEC. 2. All loans outstanding must be paid on or before the first Monday in January and July. Any borrower failing to make such

payment shall be taken to be no longer in good standing and shall thereby forfeit all right to the payment of any benefits.

SEC. 3. Any member owing any borrowed money to the association at the time he is taken sick or is disabled by accident shall pay interest on all over $5, and reduce the principal of the debt $1 each week until the sum of such loan is $5, when the running of interest thereon shall cease until recovery and return to work. The Treasurer shall deduct all interest due each week on such a loan, together with the $1, as aforesaid, from any benefit which may be payable to such borrower.

SEC. 4. Any member in arrears for interest or principal for one month shall be taken to be as no longer in good standing, and shall forfeit all rights to benefits as provided in these by-laws until restored to good standing.

ARTICLE VI

SECTION 1. In case of any member desiring to withdraw from the association, he shall give notice thereof in writing to the Secretary. SEC. 2. No member expelled or suspended for any cause shall be readmitted a member of this association except upon a unanimous vote of all the members of the association present at the meeting; and then only upon payment of all sums due by him at the time of such expulsion or suspension.

Provided, that every member drawing benefits for twelve weeks in any one year shall stand suspended until reinstated by action of the Committee on Membership.

SEC. 3. Any member of the association may be expelled or suspended at any stated or special meeting by a majority vote of all members present, provided, however, that charges have been preferred at least one week previous to such act, by delivering a copy of the same in writing to the member himself and to the Secretary.

ARTICLE VII

SECTION I. These by-laws may be amended at any meeting of not less than ten members by a unanimous vote, or by a two-thirds vote if one week's previous notice in writing of the section intended to be amended is given. Such notice shall be addressed and delivered to the Secretary, and a copy thereof shall by him be posted in some public place on each floor of the Press building.

APPENDIX N

EXTRACTS FROM THE THIRTEENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN (1908)

J. D. BECK, Commissioner; M. O. LORENZ, Deputy

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY IN WISCONSIN

What would be the cost if we continued with the law of negligence?-Employers' liability insurance costs now in Wisconsin from 12 cents per $100 of wages in knitting mills to at least $9 in some building operations—an average of 50 or 60 cents. But it is very probable that this expense would be increased in the near future by weakening the defense of the employer in the courts. In the railroad industry, the fellow-servant doctrine has been abolished in this state and the doctrine of contributory negligence has been seriously modified. Similar modifications are practically inevitable for other hazardous industries if the present system of liability is retained. That means that the liability companies will charge more and more for a liability policy. But in addition where there is no legal liability, employers are appealed to for charity.

One absurdity of our present law is that it says: A railroad brakeman cannot wholly be barred from compensation by the defense of contributory negligence, but a structural steel worker or a worker in a sewer (both in very hazardous employments) can be debarred from compensation by that defense. The reason for this is that the accidents in the railroad industry were the first to attract attention. But that other classes of accidents are now relatively more important, is shown by the following analysis of Wisconsin Supreme Court cases involving claims by injured workmen against their employers. Before 1890, three-fourths were railway cases; since 1890, less than onefourth are railway cases.

What could be paid with his money if distributed on the insurance principle?-The cost of the present system would be sufficient to inaugurate a general system of compensation if properly administered. The following estimate, which has been explained in chap. iii, is made on the basis of Wisconsin accident statistics:

To pay regardless of negligence for each fatal industrial accident three times the annual earnings, and for non-fatal accidents one-half wages during disablement after the second week up to one year, together with an additional payment of $500, or less, according to the degree of the injury, to those permanently injured, and for all cases first medical aid, would cost at a maximum as follows for manufacturing establishments reported in the federal Census of 1905 for Wisconsin.

Fatal accidents at three years' earnings.....

Non-fatal during total disability for one year after the first two

weeks at one-half wages.

Permanent disabilty-additional..

Medical fees, first aid at $500 per case.

Administrative (15 per cent.)....

Total....

. $164,290.80

83,880.37 150,125.00

20,525.00

73,909.62

.$492,730.79

This would be approximately 68.9 cents per $100 of the wages bill or $3.25 per man per annum, employed, on an average. In some industries it would be less and in some more. If these same manufacturers had been insured at existing employers' liability rates, the cost would have been about $416,204.61, which is 58 cents per $100 of wages or $2.75 per man per annum. That this last estimate is a reasonable one, appears from the following (explained in detail in chap. iii) The Bureau received reports from 540 establishments regarding their expenses on account of industrial accidents and wages in the year 1906. This result shows an average expense of from 53 to 58 cents per $100 of wages on the wages bill, and from $2.50 to $2.80 per man employed. The difference between the two estimates. of $492,730 and $416,204 is not enough to prevent the adoption of a system of workmen's compensation on the ground of expense.

:

Moderate compulsory liability or a voluntary co-operative insurance fund? (a) Compulsory liability.—The preceding suggestions would be substantially carried out by the English system with the scale of benefits paid under the act of 1897. This would mean

The

that little further governmental machinery would be necessary. law would make employers in certain occupations liable for a given amount of damages in case of accidents to their employees without regard to ordinary negligence or assumption of risk, and employers would insure themselves as at present with employers' liability insurance companies. There are two objections to this plan: first, as has already been suggested, it may be unconstitutional, and second, it would retain the wasteful system of employers' liability insurance under competitive conditions.

b) A voluntary co-operative insurance fund.-Another plan for embodying the preceding suggestions would be as follows: Employers and employees would be allowed to make a contract whereby the employer would be relieved of the liability for damage suits on account of industrial accidents to his employees on condition that he paid into a fund, to be managed by the State Insurance Commissioner, or some special commission, an annual payment about equal to the present cost of employers' liability insurance in his industry. From this fund workingmen who had entered the scheme would receive a benefit (specified by law) in case of injury regardless of negligence (except in case of gross misconduct) without making any contribution themselves.

The state could probably not guarantee the fund without an amendment to the constitution. In other respects such a solution of the problem would be similar to the Illinois Commission plan, explained in the appendix. It would, however, have some advantages over that plan. The expenses of administration would probably be less because part of the administrative work could be borne by the state. Considering the public advantages of such a system, the state could very properly contribute something in this way indirectly. It would give the state more complete information regarding accidents than if it simply asked private companies for reports. Direct state supervision of this kind would inspire confidence and would guarantee fairness in the rates charged. . . .

The conduct of liability insurance by private companies has proved excessively wasteful. As explained in chap. iii, they charge about two and one-half times as much as they pay out in losses. The plan here outlined could certainly be managed for much less than that. The administrative expenses of the German accident insurance system, as already stated, are now 13.50 per cent. of total expenditure, and probably will be less in the future; and the experience of Wisconsin