Department of Defense Appropriation Bill for 1953

and all programs covering administration, accounting, supply, and fiscal administration, office management, work-improvement practices, comptroller training, parts of the apprentice-training programs would be seriously curtailed or eliminated.

5. Although, in times of expansion, the military departments rely largely on the procurement of legal officers from civilian life, the services should have in their legal corps, career officers who have been troop leaders and who know the problems of military personnel from first-hand experience. This represents a continuing need, however small numerically, and is of basic importance to the effectiveness of the legal corps. Further, these men complement the career legal personnel in the services who constitute the hard core on which expansion can be based.

TRAINING IN CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS

General DECKER. The statement is rather long.

Senator O'MAHONEY I Would like to have him summarize it at least. Colonel HOAG. I am in the training branch of G-3, sir.

Long-term training in civilian institutions is limited to members of the Regular Army, in order to insure that their training will be useful to the Army for a considerable period of time. Training is voluntary on the part of the individuals concerned, no individual being compelled to undergo the training.

Individuals are selected on the basis of their military experience, previous educational background, capability to successfully undergo the training, and the anticipated assignment to positions which require the special training to be taken. This selection is made by the personnel-management supervisors from the various branches of the service who are responsible for the assignment of personnel.

Senator O'MAHONEY. How many during the year are being assigned to such work?

Colonel HOAG. There are 539 officers undergoing training at the present time. Some of them are in the first year of training, some in the second year, and a few in the third year.

Senator O'MAHONEY. To take an officer out of military duty and send him to school deprives the Army or the military service of the work of that officer for the whole period of time, or does it? Some of this is at day schools to which they go?

Colonel HoAG. They go on a full-time basis; yes, sir. They will go throughout the year rather than go just from September to June. If the training requires longer than that period, they will continue right on through the summer session.

LEGAL TRAINING

Senator O'MAHONEY. Why would it not be more economical, in the case of lawyers, for the Army to take lawyers in private life and assign them legal duties of the Army and allow the officers to take the military responsibilities for which they were trained at West Point or in the Regular Army?

Colonel HOAG. Sir, there is one thing about that.

Military justice is a specialized field of law that requires at least a portion of its administrators to be thoroughly experienced as troop leaders. In order to maintain continuity within the corps, the Army must have a source of Regular Army officers who have the requisite troop experience and desire to serve in the Judge Advocate General's Corps as a career. It is reasonable to assume that the Army will

obtain some 20 years of service from these officers after they have completed civilian law school. The aggregate competence of the corps is enhanced by combining the ability and experience of officers having, primarily, a civilian legal background with that of officers having a substantial military background.

Senator O'MAHONEY. There are a lot of lawyers who have had troop experience as a result of World War II who could do this legal work; are there not?

Colonel HOAG. Lawyers, I do not think, get too much troop experience in the Judge Advocate General's Corps, sir.

Senator O'MAHONEY. That is not what I am saying. I am saying lawyers have been taken from civilian life and have volunteered from civilian life to go into the Army who served through World War II with troops and had troop experience, and it seems to me that there is a possibility of some justification for the House action in the assumption that you can continue to do that without taking your Regular Army men and sending them off to law school for 2 or 3 years, and let them do the troop work, the troop leadership which is so essential.

General REEDER. Your statement is true on a short-term basis, but as we recede from World War II those officers about whom you speak, by age and not being callable

Colonel HOAG. Since December 1947, 132 lawyers have been taken in from civilian life and in the same period only 41 Regular Army officers were trained and graduated. So approximately four-fifths of the Judge Advocate General's Corps is recruited from civilian life. Senator O'MAHONEY. How much?

Colonel HOAG. Approximately four-fifths; 132 against 41.

Senator O'MAHONEY. The real issue here is whether or not this is an essential military expenditure at this time. Now, I say we have received I do not know how many communications from schools all over the country, throughout the United States, that are very anxious to have this appropriation retained.

General DECKER. I would like to speak a word in connection with the training of comptrollers, which would be effected by the elimination of the business training.

Senator O'MAHONEY. Let us get through with the lawyers first. I can see some reason for training officers who serve under the Comptroller. I did not mean that as a double-edged compliment.

General MCFADYEN. May I comment on it both from the legal and the Comptroller side on the personnel aspect?

We have a corps, whether it is called legal or whether it is called comptroller. We have a group of officers and a function which must be continued over a long period. Now, those must be Regular officers. Whether they are infantrymen or artillerymen who are converted into these particular jobs later on whether they are the officers who were integrated in the Regular Army, they must be Regular Army personnel. In the case of the Judge Advocate General's Department, almost half of the Judge Advocate General's Corps during the war consisted of civilian-trained lawyers, Reserve officers who served during World War II. and who accepted commissions in the Judge Advocate General's Corps.

In the Regular Army structure we took in 11,000 officers in all aspects of the military who were Reserve officers. It is necessary to re

tain a regular long-term nucleus in every type of activity and those which can be supplemented by the civilian-trained specialists who can come in and serve the short time, 2, 3, or 4 years he desires to serve, and then step back out,

Senator O MAHONEY. I can see the objective is to have the Regular Establishment equipped with Regular officers who are competent to handle these specialist duties.

General MCFADYEN. Correct.

Senator O'MAHONEY. Of course, the larger the operation becomes and the more complex it becomes the more essential it is that you have competent men in the Regular Service. That in general is right, is it not?

General MCFADYEN. Yes.

Senator O'MAHONEY. The full text of your statement, Colonel, may be inserted in the record.

(The statement referred to follows:)

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PROGRAM FOR TRAINING IN CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS

I. PURPOSE

The purpose of the Army's program for training in civilian institutions is to augment the training conducted in service schools in order to provide—

(a) Adequate training in appropriate fields to produce a group of officers who are capable of recognizing and coping with the political, economic, scientific, and social problems which are related to the military duties that they will be called upon to perform;

(b) A limited number of officers specialized in scientific fields and capable of working with civilian scientists and directing research and development in military fields;

(c) A limited number of officers specialized in the fields of personnel management, business administration, and industrial management in order to further the Army's efforts in these fields;

(d) Essential language and area training which is not conducted in service schools and which is necessary for the proper performance of assigned duties; (e) Qualified instructors for the United States Military Academy and the armed service schools and the joint colleges; and

(f) Other essential technical or professional training (including medical) which is not provided in service schools and which is necessary for the proper performance of assigned duties.

II. AUTHORITY

Public Law 670, Eightieth Congress.

III. WHO IS SELECTED FOR TRAINING AND HOW SELECTED

Individuals are selected on the basis of their military experience, previous educational background, capability to successfully undergo the training, and the anticipated assignment to positions which require the special training to be taken. This selection is made by the personnel management supervisors for the various branches of the service who are responsible for the assignment of personnel.

IV. EXTENT OF TRAINING

Training is conducted only to the extent necessary to meet carefully studied requirements of the various Department of the Army staff agencies, Army field forces, and administrative and technical services. These requirements are determined by a careful job analysis of each position or type of position to be filled. The manpower requirements to fill the positions and the number of adequately

trained personnel available for assignment to these predetermined positions are thoroughly studied each year. Training is carefully limited to the extent necessary to qualify the individual to meet the needs of the Army. Training is not given for the primary purpose of raising the educational level of the individual. Although nearly all of the long-course training is conducted at the graduate level and students are encouraged to work toward a master's or occasionally a doctor's degree; the objective is not the attainment of a degree. From the Army's point of view, the importance of the degree is that it indicates that the quality of the work accomplished by the student has met standards imposed by the university concerned.

V. WHY TRAINING IS NECESSARY

The Army's program of training in civilian institutions is an essential part of the Army's over-all training program. In view of the vast complexity of modern armies and the many rapid developments in science and technology, it is of the greatest importance that the military keep abreast of the best civilian thinking in research, management, and business procedure. The latter is especially important. The Army is making every effort to introduce modern efficient business methods into its programing and budgeting procedures. Since there is no place within the service-school structure where such advanced business training can be obtained, and since it would be extremely costly to establish such training, the Army is using the excellent courses in various colleges and universities.

It is pointed out that the great bulk of the Regular Army officers come to the Army immediately following graduation from college, either through the ROTC or from the USMA. These career officers have completed work on an undergraduate level and ordinarily have no opportunity to specialize at a higher level. Nevertheless, the Army has specific continuing requirements for such training. The only sure way these requirements can be met is by providing that a very limited number of permanent officers are so trained, and thus will be available at all times to meet the Army's requirements.

VI. EXAMPLES OF POSITIONS FOR WHICH TRAINING IS REQUIRED Examples of some of the positions for which training in civilian schools is deemed essential are: the Army field forces boards; the Military Academy; the Armed Forces special weapons project; the Comptroller of the Army, and of the various commands; the staffs of schools, such as the armored and infantry schools and the higher level Army and joint colleges; the Research and Development Board; the staffs of general hospitals. As of January 31, 539 Regular Army officers were enrolled in long-term courses.

VII. RECAPITULATION OF LONG-TERM TRAINING AS OF JANUARY 31, 1952

See tab A attached.

VIII. COLLEGES IN WHICH ARMY PERSONNEL ARE CURRENTLY ENROLLED (EXCEPT FOR TRAINING IN MEDICAL FIELD)

See tab B attached.

IX. LAW TRAINING AND UTILIZATION OF CIVILIAN LAWYERS

The Judge Advocate General's Corps of the Army has two sources of procurement of Regular Army officers, namely, direct appointment of graduate lawyers from civil life and transfer of Regular Army officers from other branches to the Judge Advocate General's Corps after experience as a line officer and after 3 years' training in a civilian law school. These two programs combined are designed to furnish the officers required to maintain the Judge Advocate General's Corps at its authorized minimum strength to 1.5 percent of the strength of the Regular Army Officer Corps.

Since December 31, 1947, 132 lawyers from civilian life received commissions in the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the Regular Army. During the same period, 41 Regular Army officers have been graduated from civilian law schools. At the present time there are 40 Regular Army officers attending civilian law schools, of whom 18 will graduate this month, 13 in June 1953, and 9 in June 1954.

Military justice is a specialized field of law that requires at least a portion of its administrators to be thoroughly experienced as troop leaders. In order to

maintain continuity within the corps, the Army must have a source of Regular Army officers who have the requisite troop experience and desire to serve in the Judge Advocate General's Corps as a career. It is reasonable to assume that the Army will obtain some 20 years of service from these officers after they have completed civilian law school. The aggregate competence of the corps is enhanced by combining the ability and experience of officers having, primarily, a civilian legal background with that of officers having a substantial military background. The Judge Advocate General's Corps is presently utilizing approximately 600 Reserve officers on extended active duty in order to augment the strength of the corps. The Uniform Code of Military Justice requires that a certified lawyer must act as law officer, trial counsel, and defense counsel of a general court martial. Furthermore, there are many requirements for legal-assistance officers and claim-processing officers at installations not authorized staff judge advocates. Many of the officers performing these functions are Regular Army officers and Reserve officers who possess the requisite legal qualifications to perform these duties, but are not serving in the Judge Advocate General's Corps. Thus, it is apparent that most officers having legal training are utilizing this training at least on a part-time basis. Without these officers in the service, the Judge Advocate General's Corps would have to be correspondingly increased in order to furnish the additional officers for duty on general courts martial.

X. AVERAGE COSTS

The average cost of the training is $550 per year for tuition, $72 for books and texts, and not to exceed $50 for thesis expense. These subjects are subject to Army approval and are utilized by the Army upon completion.

Table A.—Recapitulation of long-term training, Jan. 31, 1952

Engineering..

(Including civil, chemical, electronics, communications, electrical, electronics, mechanical, aeronautics, automotive, guided missiles, petroleum, transportation.)

Medical

(Including medical and dental specialties, nursing, veterinary.) Physical sciences__.

(Including physics, atomic energy, radiological physics, etc.) Business administration___

(Including in addition to usual courses in business management, administrative engineering, hospital administration, industrial management, transportation, institutional management, etc.)

Language and area study.

178

(Preceded by language study at the Army Language School and followed by study in overseas areas.)

Social sciences_

(Including economics, criminology, personnel management, international relations, psychology, sociology, etc.)

Law-----

Miscellaneous

Total___.

539

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