McCulloch, Ind., Secretaries of the Treasury. Simon Cameron, Pa., Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Secretaries of War. Gideon Welles, Conn., Secretary of the Navy. Caleb B. Smith, Ind., John P. Usher, Ind., Sect. of the Int. Montgomery Blair, Md., William Dennison, O., Postmasters General. Edward Bates, Mo., James Speed, Ky., Attorneys General. SEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, APRIL 15, 1865, TO MARCH 4,1869. Andrew Johnson, acting President. No Vice-President. CABINET. William H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State. Hugh McCulloch, Ind., Secretary of the Treasury. Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Ulysses S. Grant, Ill., and J. M. Scho. field, Secretaries of War. Gideon Welles, Conn., Secretary of the Navy. James Harlan, Iowa, Orville H. Browning, Ill., Secretaries of the Interior. James Speed, Ky., Henry Stanbery, Ohio, William M. Evarts, N. Y., Attorneys General. William Dennison, Ohio, Alexander W. Randall, Wis., Postmasters General. EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, MARCH 4, 1869, TO MARCH 4, 1873. Ulysses S. Grant, Ill., President. Schuyler Colfax, Ind., Vice-President. CABINET. Elihu B. Washburne, Ill., Secretary of State. Hamilton Fish, N. Y., 66 66 66 George S. Boutwell, Mass., Secretary of the Treasury. Adolph E. Borie, Pa., Secretary of the Navy. George M. Robeson, N. J., " Jacob D. Cox, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior. 66 J. A. J. Creswell, Md., Postmaster General. 66 NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION, MARCH 4, 1873, TO MARCH 7, 1877. Ulysses S. Grant, Ill., President. *Henry Wilson, Mass., Vice-President. CABINET. Hamilton Fish, N. Y., Secretary of State. W. A. Richardson, Ill., Secretary of the Treasury. W. W. Belknap, Iowa, Secretary of War. George M. Robeson, N. J., Secretary of the Navy. 66 J. A. J. Creswell, Md., Postmaster General. Marshall Jewell, Conn., John W. Tyner, Ind., 66 George H. Williams, Oregon, Attorney General. Edward Pierrepont, N. Y., Alonzo Taft, Ohio, 66 66 *Deceased. TWENTIETH ADMINISTRATION, MARCH 4, 1877, TO MARCH 4, 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, President. William A. Wheeler, of New York, Vice-President. CABINET. William M. Evarts, of New York, Secretary of State. John Sherman, of Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury. Alexander Ramsey, of Minnesota, Secretary of War. Richard W. Thompson, of Indiana, Secretary of the Navy. Carl Schurz, of Missouri, Secretary of the Interior. Charles Devens, of Massachusetts, Attorney General. David M. Key, of Tennessee, Postmaster General. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 1879. THE EXECUTIVE. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, of Ohio, President of the United States. THE CABINET. WILLIAM M. EVARTS, of New York, Secretary of State.. THE JUDICIARY. --Salary $50,000 46 8,000 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Court meets first Monday in December, at Washington. Chief Justice....MORRISON R. WAITE, of Ohio...Fourth Circuit.. Associate Justice NATHAN CLIFFORD, of Me. -Salary $10,500 66 10,000 46 10,000 First 66 Eighth Ninth 46 Third 66 Fifth 66 Second 66 Seventh " George W. McCrary, Iowa -John Lowell, Mass.. Samuel Blatchford, N. Y. 66 6,000 Minn., Iowa, Mo., Ark., Kan., Ninth Circuit......Ore., Cal., Nev.. MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY. Uruguay & Paraguay..Montevideo.......John C. Caldwell, Me....... Benjamin Moran, Pa.. 5,000. 1870 5,000.. 1877 5,000.....1874 Minister Resident and Consul General. Thomas A. Osborn, Kansas.... 10,000.....1877 Edw. F. Noyes, Ohio.. Thomas O. Osborn, Ill Horace Maynard, Tenn.. .....Jehu Baker, Ill.. Port-au-Prince....John M. Langston, D. C.*. Monrovia... John H. Smyth, N. C.*. CHARGE D'AFFAIRES. -Copenhagen.. M. J. Cramer, Ky. 12,000...1880 17,500.....1877 17,500. ..1880 12,000...1861 12,000. .1873 12,000.....1880 10,000.....1879 17,500...1879 17,500. ...1880 12,000.....1880 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. CHAPTER XLVI. CONGRESS. 1. All government consists of three steps, series, or departments. It has a Rule by which its action is gov. erned; and this embraces the general principles guiding all action, as well as the special rules of conduct in regard to limited classes of actions the next step in the series is the action demanded to put its rules in actual forceto apply them the third is, to determine the application of the rule when supposed to be violated, and the agreement of the special rule with the general principle. That is to say, government is divided into the Legislative, or law making power; the Executive, or law enforcing power; and the Judicial, or law discriminating, or judging, power. 2. In some governments all these are in the same hands, and this produces a Despotism. In others they are variously divided or mixed. In our country the separation between them is made as distinct as possible. The People are regarded as the source or fountain of Power. The Constitution represents, in its general Principles or Rules, the Will and purposes of the People; and outside of the principles or regulations of this instrument no legislation is valid. The Constitution, emanating from the people, defines the boundary of all the Departments. Congress is the law-making power, enacting within the prescribed limits. The Judiciary takes care that these limits are not overstepped by legislative enactments, or executive action. The executive power, or the President, is the concentrated force, the vigorous Arm, of the government. It is Congress, the Legislative Authority, that we have now to consider. 3. The National Congress is a body of men representing, and acting in the place of, the people. They are elected by the people to enact laws for the public good-to do all—and no more nor less-than the people would do, if it were possible for them to assemble in one great body and make the laws by which they wish to be governed. It was constituted as wisely, to guard against the errors to which humanity is liable, as the experience of the past permitted to the thoughtful and patriotic statesmen who had charge of the organization of the government, when the successful termination of the War of Independence left the interests of a new Nation in their hands. England, from which they had mostly sprung, and which governed them until that period, was in possession of the freest and most enlightened government of those times, in the Old World; and they copied from her institutions and general structure what they judged adapted to our circumstances; prudently avoiding untried experiments, as far as possible. 4. Congress, like the English Parliament, consists of two Houses, one, the House of Representatives, (answering to the English House of Commons) being directly elected, for a short term, by the people, so as to express their views and interests as clearly as possible; the other, the Senate, (answering partially to the English House of Lords) appointed by the State Legislatures for a longer term, and from among statesmen of acknowledged ability and mature character and experience. This was expected to supply the necessary check to hasty and ill considered action, as they were required to mutually agree on all laws enacted. Both are required to assemble, at the same time, in the Capitol at Washington, on the first Monday in December of each year. This is the regular session-extra sessions being |