conducts studies and stimulates research on causes of home accidents and their prevention. The Division of Water Pollution Control (1) administers the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 and that part of the Defense Housing and Community Facilities Act, 1951, which provides community facilities in critical defense housing areas in the fields of water purification, sewage treatment, and refuse disposal, and (2) conducts other functions of the Public Health Service in these fields. Through the Environmental Health Center, located at Cincinnati, Ohio, the Public Health Service plans, directs, coordinates, and conducts research and investigation in environmental sanitation.

The Public Health Service collects and publishes national data on births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and similar statistics. It assists States in establishing uniform collecting and reporting systems. In addition, the Service collects current data on and makes special studies of the prevalence of disease in the United States and foreign countries, and disseminates other information relating to the prevention of diseases, the advancement of health, and the activities of the Service.

Freedmen's Hospital, in Washington, was established in 1865 for the care of Negro patients and is administered by the Public Health Service. It provides general hospital services for the treatment of acute medical and surgical cases, and an extensive system of specialized clinics for outpatients. The hospital is affiliated with the College of Medicine of Howard University and provides internship and clinical experience for medical students and graduates. It conducts a 3-year course in nursing education and provides field work for Howard University social-work students.

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

The Office of Education, established by Congress in 1867 to advance the cause of education, provides a wide range of services both advisory and consultative to State and local school officials, to the administrative and professional staffs of colleges and universities, to libraries, educational and lay organizations of the Nation, to representatives of foreign countries, and to students of education. The initial law of Congress for the Office of Education directed it to collect statistics and facts to show the condition and progress of education in the States and Territories and to diffuse such information as shall "aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country." The role of fact finder and consultant continues today as the primary function of the Office of Education.

Other congressional acts charge the Office of Education with responsibilities for administering various Federal grants to States for education or special programs. The Office administers the Smith-Hughes Act and the George-Barden Act for the promotion of vocational education, including agricultural, trade and industrial, home economics, and distributive education. The Office compiles information and cooperates with and assists the States in all such matters, including programs of occupational information and guidance.

The Office of Education also administers funds appropriated for land-grant colleges by the Second Morrill Act and the Bankhead-Jones Act. It administers funds appropriated to meet current school expenses and to assist local educational agencies in the construction of school facilities in areas affected by national defense and other Federal Government installations and activities. Cooperative activities are carried on by the Office of Education with the National Science Foundation in administering the National Scientific Register, with the Department of Labor in recommending minimum standards relative to school attendance and child labor, with the Treasury Department on a program of school and defense savings, and with various other governmental agencies in the relationship of their programs affecting the schools and colleges.

The Office of Education serves as the focal point in the Federal Government structure for both Government and educational planning and action that requires school and college cooperation and participation in programs vital to national defense.

Activities and services of the Office of Education include regular biennial surveys of the status of education in the United States, studies of current school problems and of particular fields of education as authorized by the Congress, service and studies for school, college, and public libraries, and reports on education in other countries. Other services of the Office of Education in the international educational relations field include planning and execution of educational aspects of the point 4 program, evaluation of foreign credentials, information

on foreign educational institutions and developments, and administration of student- and teacher-exchange programs.

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

The Social Security Administration represents the concern of the Federal Government in measures to provide a foundation for individual and family security. It is responsible for programs established under the Social Security Act of 1935, as amended, which offers protection when old age, death, blindness, or permanent, total disability cuts off earning capacity, and for extending public services that improve the health and well-being of children and mothers.

Originally designated "Social Security Board," its name was changed to Social Security Administration when the President's Reorganization Plan No. 2 went into effect in 1946.

The Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance is responsible for administration of the Federal system of retirement and survivor protection. Retirement benefits go to workers aged 65 or over when they stop work in employment or self-employment covered by law and to their aged wives, aged dependent husbands, and young children, or their wives at any age if caring for their young children. Survivor benefits are paid to young children of insured workers and their widowed mothers of any age, to aged widows, dependent widowers, and in some circumstances to dependent parents. Since benefits are based on the worker's wages, or self-employment earnings, the Administration maintains individual accounts for all workers earning wage or self-employment income under this program. Through regional and field offices located throughout the country, the Bureau helps employers, employees, and the self-employed in establishing earnings records, helps claimants in filing claims and assists those who appeal determinations of their earnings records or benefit rights.

The Bureau of Public Assistance carries Federal responsibility for the publicassistance programs. Public assistance under the Social Security Act provides Federal grants to States for aid to four groups of the needy-the aged, the blind, dependent children, the permanently and totally disabled. All 48 States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are receiving Federal grants for old-age assistance; all but 1 for aid to dependent children, and for aid to the blind; and 39 for aid to permanently and totally disabled. Each State determines whether it wishes to administer these programs with Federal financial participation; it establishes the eligibility requirements in conformance with the Federal act, and determines the standard of living it will support for its needy people; it also decides who is eligible for payments and how much the payments shall be.

The Bureau is responsible for determining that the public assitance plans of participating States meet the requirements of the Federal law, that the administration and operation of Sate programs conform to the approved State laws and plans; for cerifying Federal grants to States; and for assisting States with the development of the programs.

The Children's Bureau, created by act of Congess in 1912, has the broad duty of investigating and reporting "upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and childlife among all classes of our people." Its investigations and reports cover a wide range of subjects, including birthrates; infant and maternal morality; accidents and diseases of children; adoption, guardianship, detention, foster care, juvenile deliquency, and other problems of children. Its bulletins for parents, Prenatal Care, Infant Care, Your Child from One to Six, Your Child from Six to Twelve, are standard texts on the growth and development of children and are used by many thousands of parents.

The Bureau also administers title V of the Social Security Act which authorizes grants to States to assist them in developing maternal and child-health services, services for crippled children, and child-welfare services. With one exception these programs are operating in all States, the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. (Arizona is presently not participating in the crippled children's program.) Each prescribing standard accounting forms and procedures for operating Federal financial asistance. The Children's Bureau interprets the requirements of the Federal law and sees that the administration and operation of State programs conform to the approved State laws and plans; for certifying Federal grants to States; and for assisting States with the development of the programs.

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The Bureau of Federal Credit Unions in the Social Security Administration administers the Federal Credit Union Act of 1934. The administration of this act includes the following functions: Furnishing information, charter application forms, and assistance to prospective credit-union groups upon request; granting charters to qualified groups; prescribing rules and regulations; designing and prescribing standard accounting forms and procedures for operating Federal credit unions and those in liquidation; examining and supervising Federal credit unions; fixing scale of examination fees; suspending or revoking charters of Federal credit unions in cases of insolvency and serious and persistent violations of the act; and conducting studies of the problems of persons of small means in obtaining credit at reasonable rates of interest and making reports of such investigations.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

The Food and Drug Administration safeguards the public interest by enforcing Federal laws designed to insure the purity and quality of foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Its intensive operations give consumers and ethical producers maxinium protection with a minimum of disturbance to legitimate business in these industries. Reorganized by Congress in 1927 to carry on regulatory activities that had been begun some 20 years earlier, it exercises authority under several laws of which the most far reaching is the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The purpose of this act is to protect consumers from products that may be objectionable for a variety of reasons-because they may be injurious to health; filthy or decomposed; short in weight or volume; debased with inferior ingredients; falsely labeled as to identity, quality, quantity, or therapeutic or nutritional efficiency; or misrepresented in their labeling in some other way.

The Food and Drug Administration has developed plans for regulation which give first attention to those violations most injurious to the consumer, and to products and manufacturers most commonly found out of conformity. It attempts to prevent violations by keeping the industries fully informed on legal and regulatory requirements and standards, and by giving them technical information and guidance.

Laboratories in Washington and in a number of other cities are equipped with modern scientific apparatus for rapid and accurate testing of foods, medicines, and cosmetics, to discover and prove violations. Trained staffs of specialists investigate sanitary conditions in factories, evaluate the raw materials used, and study methods of processing, preserving, packaging, transporting, and storing such products. The Washington staff scientists conduct basic research into the safety, composition, potency, and efficacy of the regulated products. The resulting technical information is passed on to the industries concerned and to other Government agencies.

In addition to its regulatory control of products in interstate commerce or import status, the Food and Drug Administration is responsible for a number of predistribution controls. Applications for distributing new drugs, accompanied by the manufacturers' evidence establishing safety for use and adequacy of manufacturing controls, are evaluated and must be accepted before each new drug is placed upon the market. Coal-tar colors used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics must be from batches certified by the administration. Insulin, penicillin, streptomycin, aureomycin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin receive predistribution control because of factors in their manufacture and use which make the customary enforcement control inadequate for public safety. Samples of each batch manufactured are submitted to the Food and Drug Administration and tested for purity and potency before the batch is certified for distribution. Continuous inspection is maintained in shrimp and oyster canneries upon the application of the packers, and the seafood canned in these plants may be labeled, "Production Supervised by the United States Food and Drug Administration."

The Food and Drug Administration also makes intensive studies of composition, trade practices, and consumer understanding as a basis for formulating definitions and standards for foods that will promote honesty and fair dealing in the interest of the consumer.

OFFICE OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION

The Office of Vocational Rehabilitation is concerned with the provision of services to help disabled civilians who have job handicaps resulting from illness, accident, or other causes to be prepared for and placed in suitable employment.

It was established in 1943 following passage of the Barden-La Follette Act. This law, amending earlier vocational rehabilitation legislation, expanded and strengthened the Federal-State vocational rehabilitation program for civilians which was set up in 1920.

The States actually operate the programs, and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation establishes standards for State operations, gives technical assistance to the States, and certifies Federal grants to the States in accordance with the formula set forth in the law.

The program includes the following: thorough physical examinations; individual counseling and guidance toward a suitable job objective; training for jobs-in schools, on the job, by correspondence, or by tutors; placement on the right job; postplacement follow-up to make sure the workers and the jobs are properly matched, which are provided at no cost to the individual; and necessary medical, surgical, psychiatric, and hospital services; necessary prosthetic devices, such as artificial limbs, hearing aids, trusses, and the like; necessary maintenance and transportation during rehabilitation; necessary tools, equipment, and licenses, for which the cost may be paid from public funds to the extent that the individual cannot meet it. Mentally as well as physically disabled individuals of working age are eligible.

Vocational rehabilitation programs are in operation in each of the 48 States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico.

The Office also administers the act of June 20, 1936, which authorized the operation of stands in Federal buildings by blind persons.

ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL

St. Elizabeths Hospital, in Washington, was established by Congress in 1855 to care for the mentally ill. These include residents of the District of Columbia, Canal Zone, and Virgin Islands; Public Health Service beneficiaries; Indians under Department of Interior jurisdiction; Federal prisoners; and expatriated American citizens from Canada.

In addition to modern facilities for treatment of the mentally ill, complete medical and surgical services are provided. Its nursing school offers full professional training, with special emphasis on psychiatric nursing. Staff members conduct research and disseminate information on the nature, cause, and prevention of mental disorders.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

Howard University, established in the District of Columbia by act of Congress, March 2, 1867, "for the education of youth in the liberal arts and sciences," is a large university organization which offers a wide scope of undergraduate and professional curriculums primarily for Negro youth.

The university now operates a college of liberal arts, a graduate school, and eight professional schools as follows: Medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, engineering and architecture, music, social work, law, and religion. The School of Medicine of Howard University is associated with Freedmen's Hospital, which adjoins its campus, to provide an outstanding medical center for the training of physicians and nurses.

AMERICAN PRINTING HOUSE FOR THE BLIND

The American Printing House for the Blind, located at Louisville, Ky., assists public institutions in the education of the blind youth of America. The institution receives the revenue from a perpetual trust fund of $250,000 set aside by Congress in 1879, as well as a current annual Federal appropriation of $115,000. These funds are used for labor, materials, and other expenses incident to the embossing of books, the recording of talking books, and the manufacture of apparatus for schools for the blind. These are distributed without cost to public institutions for the education of the blind.

COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF

Columbia Institution for the Deaf has as its aim the physical and mental advancement of the deaf of the various States and the District of Columbia. Established by Congress in 1857, it provides for the education of deaf children and young people.

Kendall School, for younger children, approximates the work of the first 11 grades of the public schools.

Gallaudet College is the only institution in the world offering advanced education especially for deaf students. Graduates of various schools throughout the country are received after passing admission examinations. There are almost always students from 40 or more States of the Union and the District of Columbia, from Canada, and sometimes from other foreign countries. Courses provide a general cultural background as well as special training in teaching, psychology, printing, drawing, chemistry, agriculture, bacteriology, domestic science, domestic art, and business practice.

There are also a normal department which trains hearing teachers of the deaf and a research department which studies problems of the deaf and hard of hearing.

Senator SMITH of Maine. Mr. Hoffman?

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Judd?

Mr. JUDD. It is nice to have you here and in this important position and to hear your statement.

Mrs. HOBBY. Thank you.

Mr. JUDD. Did I understand you correctly to say that of all the people in the agency or the Department there are only 5 or 6 or 7 that you would change?

Mrs. HOBBY. Well, the Federal Security Agency had a great many people in key policymaking jobs who are under civil service.

Mr. JUDD. And you cannot do anything about them unless they commit some crime or show cause for incompetence? You cannot remove them at will even though they have positions for which you have total overall responsibility?

Mrs. HOBBY. No, I cannot.

Mr. JUDD. Well then, I think Mr. Dodge or somebody ought to sponsor legislation which would make possible such changes, because without such changes the people are deprived of the results that their will expressed democratically last fall. They wanted a new team to produce certain changes. They cannot produce unless there are people in charge of the policies who believe in those changes and they are preventing President Eisenhower and Mrs. Hobby and the people who are sympathetic with them from making those changes. It makes it impossible for them to carry out the will. It isn't a matter of politics or patronage, but a matter of response to the will of the people. I am not permitted to ask Mr. Dodge the question but I see him back there and I hope, sir, that you will go to the public and say that "If you want us to do this, you have got to let us have our team.' We do not ask the Minnesota coach to lick Michigan if 10 of the 11 members of the Minnesota team are Michigan people. You have got to have Minnesota players if we are going to lick Michigan, and you have got to have people who believe in your policies, and that is nothing against their morals or their character. It is a matter of beginning at the top, but you cannot get down very far, according to your own analysis. You cannot change those further down in policyforming and in administrative positions.

It has been suggested here, or implied several times, that the fact that the Congress turned this down in 1950, or substantially the same plan, is the reason why we should not adopt it now or vice versa, that if we adopt this plan now it means we should have done it in 1950. I do not agree with that at all because the circumstances are completely different. This could not have been done in 1950 with the leadership the Agency had without it being understood and accepted by the country as giving the stamp of approval on the leadership