"Ye banks and braes and streams around." The first line of Highland Mary, song by ROBERT BURNS (1759-1796).

"Ye banks and braes o' bonnie Doon." First line of The Banks o' Doon, a song by ROBERT BURNS (1759-1796), which first appeared in Johnson's Museum. A simpler, and undoubtedly a finer version, is that beginning

"Ye flowery banks o' bonnie Doon,"

which was composed in 1787, while the author sat, sad and solitary, by the side of a fire in a little country inn, drying his wet clothes.

“Ye Gentlemen of England.” An old English ballad (authorship unknown), of which Rossetti says, that it would be difficult to find anything which in stately, noble, and thoroughly popular structure and melody, comes closer to the ideal of a patriotic song.

“Ye Mariners of England." The first line of a song written at Altona, in 1800, by THOMAS CAMPBELL (1777-1844), and entitled "Alteration of the Old Ballad Ye Gentlemen of England, composed on the prospect of a Russian War." The first four lines are:

"Ye mariners of England,

That guard our native seas;

Whose flag has braved, a thousand years,
The battle and the breeze."

Yeast: "a Problem." A novel by the Rev. CHARLES KINGSLEY (1819-1875), published in. 1848, and reprinted in 1856. "The title indicates the epoch and the character of the work-one in which, on a limited canvas, are painted side by side the spiritual perplexities of a certain higher class of minds, and the, in many respects, menacing aspects of the rural population as it then was.'

Yellowplush, The Memoirs of Mr. C. J. A series of humorous sketches, written in the character of a West-End footman, and contributed to Fraser's Magazine, by WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY (1811-1863). They include "Miss Shum's Husband," "The Amours of Mr. Deuceace," "Foring Parts," "Mr. Deuceace in Paris," "Mr. Yellowplush's Ajew," "Skimmings from the Diary of George IV.,' " and " "Epistles to the Literati"-the latter a fierce criticism upon Lord Lytton's play of The Sea Captain (q.v.).

Yendys, Sydney. The nom de plume of SYDNEY DOBELL (1824-1874), in the publication of some of his earlier poetry, e.g., The Roman, a Dramatic Tale (1850). "Yendys" is, of course, Sydney written backwards.

Yeo, Salvation, in CHARLES KINGSLEY'S novel of Westward Ho is a stern warrior, admirable seaman and gunner, true comrade, Spaniard-hating and God-fearing Englishman, intended as embodiment of English Puritanism in the days of Elizabeth.

an

Yeoman's Tale, The, in The Canterbury Tales, is that of a canon who, having borrowed one mark of a priest for three days, and repaid him punctually, proceeded to beguile him by jugglery into the belief that he knew how to make silver; whereupon the priest gave forty pounds for the secret, which turned out valueless, and he never saw the canon any more. See Morley's English Writers.

Yes and No: "a Tale of the Day," by the first Marquis of NORMANBY (1797—1863).

"Yes! in the sea of life enlisled.". "To Marguerite," in Switzerland (q.v.); a lyric by MATTHEW ARNOLD (b. 1822).

Yes, The Lady's. Verses by ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING (1809-1861):—

"And her Yes, once said to you,

Shall be yes for evermore."

Yesterday, To-day, and For Ever. A poem in twelve books by EDWARD HENRY BICKERSTETH (b. 1825), published in 1866.

"Yielding marble of her snowy breast, The."-WALLER, Lines on a Lady, line 12.

Yniol. The father of Enid (q.v.) in TENNYSON'S Idylls of the King.

Yonge, Charles Duke, Professor of English Literature and History (b. 1812), has published 4 History of England to the Peace of Paris, 1856; A Life of the Duke of Wellington; A History of the British Navy; A History of France under the Bourbons; Three Centuries of Modern History; A History of the English Revolution of 1688; and other works.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary, novelist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1823), has published, among many works of fiction, The Heir of Redcliffe (1853); Heartsease (1854); The Daisy Chain (1856); Dynevor Terrace (1857); The Trial: More Links of

the Daisy Chain (1864); The Young Stepmother (1864); The Clever Woman of the Family (1865); The Dove in the Eagle's Nest (1866); The Chaplet of Pearls (1868); Lady Hester (1873); The Three Brides (1876); and Magnum Bonum (1880); besides a History of Christian Names, a Life of Bishop Patteson, Landmarks of History, Stories of English History, and many other volumes.

Yorick, in Hamlet (q.v.), was jester to the King of Denmark. "Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio; a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy" (act v., scene 1). See next paragraph.

Yorick, in Sterne's novel of Tristram Shandy (q.v.), is an Englishman, who is represented as of Danish origin, and as being descended from the Yorick (q.v.) of Shakespeare. "Yorick," says Sir Walter Scott, "the lively, witty, sensitive, and heedless parson, is the well-known personification of Sterne himself, and undoubtedly, like every portrait of himself drawn by a master of the art, bore a strong resemblance to the original. Still, there are shades of simplicity thrown into the character of Yorick, which did not exist in that of Sterne."

Yorke, Oliver. The pseudonym, at one time, of the editor of Fraser's Magazine (first assumed by FRANCIS MAHONY), in which appeared Carlyle's Sartor Resartus. Frequent references occur in that work to the said Oliver Yorke; as also in the entertaining Reliques of Father Prout.

Yorkshire Tragedy, A. A play performed at the Globe Theatre, in 1604, and four years afterwards printed with Shakespeare's name as author. It is probable that the poet revised it for the stage. Both Dyce and Collier are of opinion that it contains passages which can only have proceeded from his pen.

66 You ask me why, tho' ill at ease." A lyric by ALFRED TENNYSON, containing his famous eulogium upon Britain as

"The land that freemen till,
That sober-suited Freedom chose,
The land where, girt by friends or foes,
A man may speak the thing he will."

"You meaner beauties of the night." First line of a lyric by Sir HENRY WOTTON On His Mistress, the Queen of Bohemia (q.v.).

"You might have won the poet's name." A lyric by ALFRED TENNYSON addressed to his elder brother Charles (see TURNER, CHARLES TENNYSON), and a fine outburst against "the scandal and the cry" which so often greet a great man at his death

"Proclaim the faults he would not show,

Break lock and seal; betray the trust:
Keep nothing sacred; 'tis but just
The many-headed beast should know."

66 "You must wake and call me early, call me early, mother dear."-The May Queen, by ALFRED TENNYSON.

Young Admirall, The. "A poem," or tragi-comedy, by JAMES SHIRLEY (1594-1666), published in 1637. It is referred to by Evelyn in his Diary.

Young Beichan. See BEICHAN, YOUNG.

"Young Ben he was a nice young man."-Faithless Sally Brown, by THOMAS HOOD. Young Duke, The. A novel, by BENJAMIN DISRAELI (q.v.), published in 1831.

Young, Edward, poet, dramatist, and prose writer (b. 1684, d. 1765), wrote The Last Day (1713), (q.v.); an Epistle to the Right Honourable Lord Landsdowne (1713); The Force of Religion: or, Vanquished Love (1713); On the late Queen's Death, and his Majesty's Accession to the Throne (1714); a Paraphrase on the Book of Job (1719); Busiris, King of Egypt, a tragedy (1719); The Revenge, a tragedy (q.v.), (1721); The Universal Passion (q.v.); Ocean, an Ode (q.v.), (1728); The Brothers, a tragedy (1728); A Fine Estimate of Human Life (1728); An Apology for Princes: or, the Reverence due to Government (1729); Imperium Pelagi, a Naval Lyrick (1730); Two Epistles to Mr. Pope concerning the Authors of the Age (1730); The Foreign Address (1734); The Complaint: or, Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality (1742); The Consolation, to which is annexed some Thoughts occasioned by the present Juncture (1745); The Centaur not Fabulous (1755); An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope (1756); Conjectures on Original Composition, in a Letter to the Author of Sir Charles Grandison (1759); and Resignation, in Two Parts (1762). His Works were published in 1757, and, with a Life of the author, in 1802; his Poetical Works, with a Memoir by the Rev. J. Mitford, in 1834, and again in 1841; his Works, Poetical and Prose, with a Life by Doran, in 1851; and his Poetical Works, edited, with a Life, by Thomas, in 1852. "Of Young's poems it is difficult to give any general character, for he has no uniformity of manner: one of his pieces has no great resemblance to another. He began to write early and continued long, and at different times had different modes of poetical excellence in view. His numbers are sometimes smooth and sometimes rugged; his style is sometimes concatenated and sometimes abrupt; sometimes diffusive and sometimes concise. His plans seem to have started in his mind at the present moment; and his thoughts appear the effect of chance, sometimes adverse, and sometimes lucky, with very little operation of judgment." Young," says the first Lord Lytton, "is not done justice to, popular as he is with a certain class of readers. He has never yet had a critic to display and make current his most peculiar and emphatic beauties. He is of all poets the one to be studied by a man who is about to break the golden chains that bind him to the world-his gloom does not then appal or deject; the dark river of his solemn genius sweeps the thoughts onwards to eternity." See COMPLAINT, THE; IMPERIUM PELAGI; RELIGION, THE FORCE of.

66

Young, Matthew, Bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduach (b. 1750, d. 1800), wrote An Analysis of the Principles of Natural Philosophy, An Essay on the Phenomena of Sounds, and other works. See The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. lxx.

Young, Patrick, Scottish scholar (b. 1584, d. 1652), published an edition of the two epistles of Clemens Romanus, and assisted Reed in the Latin translation of the works of James VI. He also contributed to Walton's Polyglot Bible annotations on the Old Testament down to Numbers xv.

Young, Sir William (b. 1750, d. 1815), colonial governor and miscellaneous writer, was the author of The Spirit of Athens (1779), afterwards expanded into The History of Athens, politically and philosophically considered (1786).

Young Waters. A Scottish ballad, in which covert allusion is apparently made to the indiscreet partiality which Queen Anne of Denmark is said to have shown for the "bonny Earl of Murray."

"Your 'if' is your only peacemaker; much virtue in 'if'."-As You Like It, act v., scene 4.

Youth and Age. A poem by SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1772-1834). 66 This," says Leigh Hunt, “is one of the most perfect poems, for style, feeling, and everything, that ever was written."

"Youth at the prow, and Pleasure at the helm."-GRAY, The Bard.

Youth, My Lost. A poem by HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW (b. 1807), containing the familiar refrain:

"A boy's will is the wind's will,

And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts."

Youth of Nature, The. A lyric by MATTHEW ARNOLD (b. 1822); companion piece to The Youth of Man, by the same author.

Youth, The Interlude of. A moral play of the Reformation, printed by John Waley, of London, between 1547 and 1558. Collier describes it as decidedly a Roman Catholic production, and has little doubt that it made its appearance during the reign of Mary. It details the temptations that Youth suffers from the importunities of Pride and Lechery, who are finally defeated by the more effective counsel of Charity and Humility. piece is one of the most humorous of its kind. It is included in Carew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's Old Plays.

The

Youth's Glory and Death's Banquet. A tragedy, in two parts, by MARGARET, Duchess of NEWCASTLE (1624—1673).

Youwarkee. The heroine of The Life and Adventures of Peter Wilkins (q.v.), by ROBERT PALTOCK (q.v.). She is one of a nation of flying

men and women, "glumms" and "gawreys," who inhabit Nosmnbdsgrsutt, and who propel themselves through the air by means of an apparatus called a "graundee." When first discovered by the hero, "she had a sort of brown chaplet, like lace, round her head, under and about which her hair was tucked up and twined; and she seemed to be clothed in a thin hair-coloured silk garment. She felt to the touch in the oddest manner imaginable; for while in one respect it was as though she had been cased in whalebone, it was at the same time as soft and warm as if she had been naked."

Ypodigma Neustriæ. THOMAS.

See WALSINGHAM,

Ypotis, The Lamentations of the Child, figures in the inventory of books belonging to John Paston in the reign of Edward IV. See PASTON LETTERS, THE.

"Yt fell abowght the Lamassetyde." First line of the ballad of The Battle of Otterbourne (q.v.).

Ywain and Gawain. A romance, supposed Henry VI. A Welsh version is in the Mabinogion by Warton to have been written in the reign of (q.v.). Warton gives copious extracts.

Z

Zadkiel. The pseudonym under which Lieutenant RICHARD THOMAS MORRISON published his famous Almanacs.

Zadoc, in DRYDEN's Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), is intended for William Sancroft (q.v.), Archbishop of Canterbury.

Zanga. The hero of YOUNG's tragedy of The Revenge (q.v.).

Zanoni. The title and the name of the hero of a novel by EDWARD, Lord LYTTON (1805-1873), published in 1842, and characterised by him as the "well-loved work of his mature manhood."

Zapolya. "A Christmas Tale, in two parts," by SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1772-1834), published in 1818; in which, says Swinburne, there is "little enough indeed of high dramatic quality, but a native grace which gives it something of the charm of life. The song of Glycine is one of the brightest bits of music ever done into words."

Zara. A "captive Queen" in CONGREVE'S tragedy of The Mourning Bride (q.v.).

Zara. A tragedy by AARON HILL (16851750), founded on a work by Voltaire.

Zarah, The Secret History of Queen. A work by Mrs. DE LA RIVIÈRE MANLEY (1672 -1724), in which the story of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, is told with remarkable freedom;

the mother of the duchess, whose maiden name was Jennings, figuring as Jenisa.

Zarca. Father of Fedalma, in GEORGE ELIOT'S dramatic poem of The Spanish Gypsy (q.v.).

Zastrozzi. A novel written by PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY (1792-1822) before his seventeenth year. "It is a wild story," says Rossetti, "of a virtuous Virezzi, persecuted and ruined by the effervescent passion of a 'guilty siren,' Matilda, Countess de Laurentini, in league with a mysterious and darkbrowed Zastrozzi, who has, in chapter the last, a family grudge to clear off. Some deep-buried romance named Zofloya: or, the Moor, is recorded to have been the model of Zastrozzi."

Zimri, in DRYDEN'S Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), is intended for George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who had satirised Dryden in The Rehearsal (q.v.) as Bayes (q.v.).

Zincali. A prose work by GEORGE BORROW (b. 1803), giving "an account of the gipsies of Spain," with a collection of their songs and poetry, and a copious dictionary of their peculiar language. It was published in 1841.

Zion, Mount. See MOUNT ZION.

Zodiac of Life, The. A metrical translation by BARNABY GOOGE (q.v.) of the Zodiacus Vite of Palingenius (Pier Angelo Manzoll); described by Warton as "a favourite performance." Three books of it appeared in 1560, six in 1561, and the whole twelve in 1565. To the first two editions the translator added separate poetical introductions. See Carew Hazlitt's Handbook to Early English Literature.

Zohrab the Hostage. An historical novel by JAMES MORIER (1780-1849), published in 1832. The scene is laid in the time of Aga Mohammed Shah, whose story has been told by Sir John Malcolm, and who is really the hero of the book, though that post is nominally assigned to Zohrab, an independent Mazanderini chief, who falls in love with Aga Mohammed's niece.

Zoilus, The Life of. A satire on Dennis the critic and Theobald the commentator, written by THOMAS PARNELL (1679-1718) at the request of the members of the Scriblerus Club (q.v.), with whom Dennis and Theobald were at variance. "Your Zoilus," wrote Pope, who was one of the club, "really transcends the expectation I had conceived of it." It appeared in 1717.

Zoist, The. A periodical started by Dr. JOHN ELLIOTSON in support of his physiological opinions. It was to Dr. Elliotson that Thackeray dedicated his Pendennis (q.v.).

Zoonomia: "or, the Laws of Organic Life," by ERASMUS DARWIN (1731-1802); published in

1794-6.

Zophiel, in MILTON's Paradise Lost (q.v.), is "of cherubim the swiftest wing."

Zophiel: "or, the Bride of Seven." A poem, in six cantos, by MARIA BROOKS (1795-1845), which was prepared for the press by Robert Southey, the poet, who called the author "the most impassioned and most imaginative of all poetesses." It appeared in 1825.

Zoroas, On the Death of. A poem in blank verse, by NICHOLAS GRIMBOLD (1519-1562), described as 66 a nervous and animated exordium."

Zouch, Richard, LL.D., lawyer and judge (b. about 1590, d. 1660), was the author of a large number of legal works, and of a poem called The Dove (1613).

Zouch, Thomas, divine (b. 1737, d. 1815), was the author of The Crucifixion, a poem (1765); Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Sir Philip Sidney, sermons, and other works. He also edited, with a memoir of the author, Walton's Lives (1796).

Zuleika. The heroine in BYRON's poem of The Bride of Abydos (q.v.), in love with Selim:

"Fair, as the first that fell of womankind....
Soft, as the memory of buried love;

Pure, as the prayer which Childhood wafts above....
Such was Zuleika-such around her shone

The nameless charms unmark'd by her alone-
The light of love, the purity of grace,

The mind, the Music breathing from her face,
The heart whose softness harmonised the whole :
And oh the eye was in itself a Soul."

580