and fome account of that celebrated minifter. Convention with Sweden, by which the French are admitted to the rights of denizenship, of establish ing warehouses and factories, and of carrying on a free trade in Gottenburgh; in return for which, France cedes the West India island of St. Bartholomew to Sweden. Obfervations on that ceffion. Spirit of civil liberty, of enquiry, of reform and improvement, with a difpofition to the cultivation of useful arts, characteristics of the prefent times. Caufes.Great improvements in Spain with respect to arts, manufactures, and agriculture; meafures pursued for the diffemination of useful knowledge, for improving the morals, and enlightening the minds of the people. Inquifition difarmed of its dangerous powers; numerous patriotic focieties formed, and public fchools inftituted, under the patronage of the first nobility; camals and roads forming; fubfcriptions for conveying water to large diftri&ts defolate through its want. King fuccessfully refumes the project of peopling and cultivating the Sierra Morena; abolishes bull feafts; reftricts the number of horses and mules to be used in the carriages of the nobility; procures an accurate furvey and charts of the ccafts of the kingdom, as well as of the Straits of Magellan. Attention to naval force and to commerce. New Eaft India company formed. Improvements in the admini• ftration of colonial government. Intermarriages with the royal line of Portugal lay the foundation for an alliance between the latter and France. Patriarchal age, eminent qualities, and death of the celebrated Cardinal de Solis, Archbishop of Seville. Important reforms in the police of Portugal. Queen forms the excellent refolution of never granting a pardon in any cafe of affaffination or deliberate murder; which has already produced the happieft effects. Excellent regulation of taking up the idle and diffolute throughout the kingdom, and of applying them, at the expence, or under the care of government, to proper labour. Improvements in agriculture attempted; climate and foil unfavourable to corn. Political obfervations on the intermarriages with Spain, and on the new alliances with the boufe of Bourbon.-Italy. Noble act of Pious the VIth, in his generous endeavours to drain the Pontine marshes.-Naples. Difpofition of the king to naval affairs, and to the forming of a marine force. Grand Duke of Tuscany. Regulation in Florence for the difpofal of the dead in a common cemetery, caufes great difcontent. [25
Retrospective view continued.-Venice. War with Tunis.-Germany. Dif appointment in the Emperor's commercial views. Failure of the Afiatic company. Ancient crown and regalia of Hungary removed from Prefburgh to Vienna. Archduke Maximilian fucceeds to the electorate of Cologn, Admirable improvements in the ecclefiaftical electorates. Paftoral letter from the elector of Triers. Death of the Landgrave of Heffe Caffel. Turkey. New prophet. Some account of the Sheich Manfour. Porte obliged to procure a peace for the Emperor's fubjects with the Barbary ftates. Perfian phyfician conftructs a balloon at Conftantinople, and afcends fuccefsfully into the air, with two others, in the prefence of the court