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three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative. Const., 1, 2.

The provisional apportionments of Representatives made in the Constitution in 1787, and afterwards by Congress, were as follows:

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NOTE. The data below and to the right of the heavy line are subsequent to period when the Manual was published in its original form,

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As per act of April 14, 1792, one Representative for 33,000-first census.
• As per act of January 14, 1802, one Representative for 33,000-second census.
As per act of December 21, 1811, one Representative for 35,000-third census.
As per act of March 7, 1822, one Representative for 40.000-fourth census.
'As per act of May 22, 1832, one Representative for 47,700-fifth census.
As per act of June 25, 1842, one Representative for 70,680-sixth census.

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As per acts of May 23, 1850, and July 30, 1852, one Representative for 93,423-seventh census. As per act of March 4, 1862, one Representative for 127,381-eighth census.

As per acts of February 2 and May 30, 1872, one Representative for 131,425-ninth census. As per act of February 25, 1882, one Representative for 151,911-tenth census. As per act of February 7, 1891, one Representative for 173,901-eleventh census. Previous to the 3d March, 1820, Maine formed part of Massachusetts, and was called the District of Maine, and its Representatives are numbered with those of Massachusetts. By com. pact between Maine and Massachusetts, Maine became a separate and independent State, and by act of Congress of 3d March, 1820, was admitted into the Union as such-the admission to take place on the 15th of the same month. On the 7th of April, 1820, Maine was declared entitled to seven Representatives, to be taken from those of Massachusetts. Admitted under act of Congress, June 1, 1796, with one Representative.

• Admitted under act of Congress, April 30, 1802, with one Representative.

▸ Admitted under act of Congress, April 8, 1812, with one Representative.

• Admitted under act of Congress, December 11, 1816, with one Representative.

• Admitted under act of Congress, December 10, 1817, with one Representative.
• Admitted under act of Congress, December 3, 1818, with one Representative.
Admitted under act of Congress, December 14, 1819, with one Representative.
• Admitted under act of Congress, March 2, 1821, with one Representative.
Admitted under act of Congress, June 15, 1836, with one Representative.
Admitted under act of Congress, January 26, 1837, with one Representative.
■ Admitted under act of Congress, March 3, 1845, with one Representative.
▾ Admitted under act of Congress, March 3, 1845, with one Representative.
• Admitted under act of Congress, December 29, 1845, with two Representatives.
'Admitted under act of Congress, May 29, 1848, with three Representatives.
* Admitted under act of Congress, September 9, 1850, with two Representatives.
Admitted under act of Congress May 11, 1858, with two Representatives.

• Admitted under act of Congress, February 14, 1859, with one Representative.
• Admitted under act of Congress, January 29, 1861, with one Representative.
• Admitted under act of Congress, June 20, 1863, with three Representatives.
'Admitted under act of Congress, October 31, 1864, with one Representative.
• Admitted under act of Congress, March 1, 1867, with one Representative.
⚫ Admitted under act of Congress, August 1, 1876, with one Representative.
Admitted under act of Congress, February 22, 1889.

"Admitted under act of Congress, February 22, 1889.
12 Admitted under act of Congress, February 22, 1889.
Admitted under act of Congress, February 22, 1889.
Admitted under act of Congress, July 3, 1890.

15 Admitted under act of Congress, July 10, 1890.

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Const., I, 2.

No Senator or Representative, shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Const., I, 6.

SEC. VI. QUORUM.

A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each House may provide. Const., I, 5.

In general the chair is not to be taken till a quorum for business is present; unless, after due waiting, such a quorum be despaired of, when the chair may be taken and the House adjourned. And whenever, during business, it is observed that a quorum is not present, any member may call for the House to be counted, and being found deficient, business is supended. 2 Hats., 125, 126.

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1. The Presiding Officer having taken the chair, and a quorum being present, the Fournal of the preceding day shall be read, and any mistake made in the entries corrected. The reading of the Journal shall not be suspended unless by unanimous consent; and when any motion shall be made to amend or correct the same, it shall be deemed a privileged question, and proceeded with until disposed of.

2. A quorum shall consist of a majority of the Senators duly chosen and sworn.

SEC. VII.-CALL OF THE HOUSE.

On a call of the House, each person rises up as he is called, and answereth; the absentees are then only noted, but no excuse to be

made till the House be fully called over. Then the absentees are called a second time, and if still absent, excuses are to be heard. Ord. House of Commons, 92.

They rise that their persons may be recognized; the voice, in such a crowd, being an insufficient verification of their presence. But in so small a body as the Senate of the United States, the trouble of rising cannot be necessary.

Orders for calls on different days may subsist at the same time. 2 Hats., 72.

[In the Senate.]

Rule V-Clause 2.

2. If, at any time during the daily sessions of the Senate, a question shall be raised by any Senator as to the presence of a quorum, the Presiding Officer shall forthwith direct the Secretary to call the roll and shall announce the result, and these proceedings shall be without debate.

[In the Senate.]

SEC. VIII.-ABSENCE.

Rule V.

1. No Senator shall absent himself from the service of the Senate without leave.

2. If, at any time during the daily sessions of the Senate, a question shall be raised by any Senator as to the presence of a quorum, the Presiding Officer shall forthwith direct the Secretary to call the roll and shall announce the result, and these proceedings shall be without debate.

3. Whenever upon such roll-call it shall be ascertained that a quorum is not present, a majority of the Senators present may direct the Sergeant-at-Arms to request, and, when necessary, to compel the attendance of the absent Senators, which order shall be determined without debate; and pending its execution, and until a quorum shall be present, no debate nor motion, except to adjourn, shall be in order.

SEC. IX.-SPEAKER.

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. Constitution, I, 3.

The Senate shall choose their officers, and also a President pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. Ib.

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers. Const., I, 2.

When but one person is proposed, and no objection made, it has not been usual in Parliament to put any question to the House; but without a question the members proposing him conduct him to the chair. But if there be objection, or another proposed, a question is put by the Clerk. 2 Hats., 158. As are also questions of adjournment. 6 Grey, 406. Where the House debated and exchanged messages and answers with the King for a week without a Speaker, till they were prorogued. They have done it de die in diem for fourteen days. 1 Chand., 331, 335.

In the Senate, a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, is proposed and chosen by ballot. His office is understood to be determined on the Vice-President's appearing and taking the chair, or at the meeting of the Senate after the first recess.*

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1. In the absence of the Vice-President, the Senate shall choose a President pro tempore.

2. In the absence of the Vice-President, and pending the election of a President pro tempore, the Secretary of the Senate, or in his absence the Chief Clerk, shall perform the duties of the Chair.

3. The President pro tempore shall have the right to name in open Senate, or, if absent, in writing, a Senator to perform the duties of the Chair; but such substitution shall not extend beyond an adjournment, except by unanimous consent.

Where the Speaker has been ill, other Speakers pro tempore have been appointed. Instances of this are 1 H., 4. Sir John Cheyney, and Sir William Sturton, and in 15 H., 6. Sir John Tyrrel, in 1656, January 27; 1658, March 9; 1659, January 13.

Sir Job Charlton ill, Seymour chosen, 1673, February 18.

Seymour being ill, Sir Robert Sawyer chosen, 1678, April 15.

Sawyer being ill, Seymour chosen.

Not merely pro tempore. 1 Chand., 169, 276, 277.

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