for continuous generations. Old hickory tops were also examined, and without exception were found badly infested.

METHOD OF CONTROL.-The annual loss from early cuttings in the spring should be conclusive evidence against this method. Soon after being felled the hickory log is in excellent condition for attack from this powder post beetle. If transferred immediately to the mill and worked into the finished product, the chances for loss are lessened, but even then a brood of young insects may be transferred to the mill yard, only to continue its ravages among the seasoning bolts or rough spokes which are generally found there in large numbers. Burning of all infested stumps and limbs and care that no injured parts are allowed to enter the mill yard together with seasonable cutting, should do much to lessen the annual loss.

TIMBER WORMS IN SEASONING PRODUCTS.

Two classes of timber worms are easily and readily recognized. Those attacking living trees and those injuring only dead and felled ones, saw logs, posts and ties. These two classes are made up of numerous forms, which may be separated and distinguished to some degree, by the character of their work.

The nature of the work is shown in Figs. 8, 9, 10 and 11; Fig. 9 being a young poplar which was so weakened by borings that it had been blown over. The figures 10 and 11 were photographed from specimens collected at Knox, Starke County, Indiana. At this place an inspection was made of railroad ties and posts to determine the per cent. of each that was seriously affected by insect attack before being utilized by the railroad company. This inspection was made of surplus stock owned by the Nickle Plate road, and was considered by their section foreman as first grade. The ties and posts were yellow cedar, some of which had been purchased from the south, others from the north.

Out of 2,036 ties inspected, 37 per cent. were seriously affected at one end, as shown in Fig. 11. Out of 1,629 posts, 13 per cent. were badly damaged at the large end, as shown in Fig. 10. ties cost the railroad company fifty-one cents apiece, and were estimated to last eleven years. Out of this comparatively small number of ties inspected the life of 753 was shortened at least three years. The life of the inspected posts would be shortened much more than that of the ties, since the injured part would come in more direct contact with the soil. These investigations, though not extensive, will furnish some idea of the unnecessary drain

brought to bear upon the post and tie supplying regions. This condition of railroad stock is common throughout the State and when considered for the United States, the loss would be enormous.

WHITE ANTS OR TERMITES.

The character of injury by white ants or termites, is shown in Fig. 12. It consists of burrows, galleries and tunnels of varying sizes, and of every conceivable shape, extending in all directions

Fig. 12.

Work of White Ants, or Termites (Termes flavipes), in sound and dry Red Oak: A, female; B, pupa. Drawings from specimens collected near Paoli, Orange County, Indiana.

through the wood. In wood land almost any log or decayed tree will be found swarming with these dirty yellowish-white insects. They were found working at the base of many trees suffering from fire injury, and the damage thus caused was in many cases worthy of note.

The injury to forest products, both crude and finished, consists of a partial or complete destruction of the infested material. A great variety of products is affected, such as round and square

timber left for some time, next to the ground; posts and poles in the ground; railroad ties, bridge timbers and lumber at the bottom of seasoning stacks. These insects are also destructive to the underpinning, flooring and other wooden parts of buildings which

Fig. 13. Leaflet from small Ash sprout, where the damage from leaf-eating insects is most noticeable.

are easily accessible to these destructive forms. The excavations are made for the purpose of obtaining food and to serve as habitations and brooding places for the countless numbers of individuals which occupy them. No means of control other than a removal of all infested parts can be suggested.