cently even between the proponents of rail and highway transportation modes so that "integrated transportation systems" are actually reflected in plans and programs. At a time when the new Departments of Housing and Urban Affairs and of Transportation are embroiled in the solution of the dilemma of the charter for support of rail transportation research and development, the Highway Research Board concept (perhaps as a Guideways Research Board) suggests solutions to many of the charter problems. Similarly water and air pollution have been recognized as an oncoming crisis with a technological basis and a need for research and development. The problems, however, cut across the lines of such diverse Departments as Health, Education and Welfare, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Interior, Agriculture, and Commerce. There is a jealous guard in every locality and region and every industry against federal controls. So complex is the problem and so divergent are the opinions and so little is known that the congressional committees who bear the responsibility for legislation find it necessary to review research and development, to perform technological forecasting, to assess economic impact of proposed alternatives. This is an infeasible procedure which is saved from disaster only by the personal commitments of the legislators and their staffs and witness to work for a satisfactory compromise among the myriad of conflicting interests and concerns. Information processing and documentation technology has been exploding into anarchic self-defeat. Attempts at setting industry or government standards for programming languages or equipment have been scarcely more successful than bowing to the acknowledged industrial leader. Applications in libraries, abstracting service, "management information systems", etc., have run into complex standardization and development management problems affecting virtually every business and government agency and academic institution. In view of the current interest at the federal level in organization studies prompted by the establishment of two new cabinet level departments, the reorganization of HEW, and the activity by the Bureau of the Budget in establishing the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting system throughout the executive branch of the government and the special attention now being devoted to PPB controls over research and development moneys and programs, a study to review the experience of the Highway Research Board and to extrapolate this experience to the comparable problem areas seems appropriate. PROPOSED STUDY OUTLINE It is proposed that the problems outlined above be examined under the direction of the Director of the Budget and the President's Science Advisor on a federal scale. It is suggested that the study be limited to examining research and development in the applications oriented (rather than discipline oriented) mode. It is proposed that this study exclude consideration of basic, disciplineoriented research such as is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Objective. To improve the effectiveness of research and development in relationship to applications orientation in areas critical to the national interest, but not sensitive to considerations of national security in the military sense, or in the usage of the Department of State. Scope. To analyze and describe experience of the federal government and the National Academy of Science and similar organizations in the review and management to research and development programs in such applications areas as transportation, communications, information technology, pollution control, education, and social and economic structure, to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the various organizations and methods, to make recommendations as to the alternatives and preferences, and to outline methods of implementation. Phase I-A Concept Study to Characterize and Compare R&D Management and Review Methods Open to the National Establishment. Task 1: Characterize and identify R&D management and review methods: [Examples] a. Bureau review and management. b. Bureau review supported by appointed committees of experts serving either with or without compensation; Bureau Management. c. NSF committee review, NSF management. d. NAS-NRC committee review, Bureau management e. Board review and management Task 2: Compare each method reported under Task 1 and evaluate for the following: a. Ability to recruit (and cost) from the scientific and engineering community measured by representation as a function of personal prestige, competence, and openness to significant participation by "young Turks” and to innovations. b. Impact on programs (considering charters, missions, procedures, motivations of participants from various levels of government, industry, and the general public. c. Funding techniques and resources including tax incentive structures, potential rate benefits, etc. d. Program scope and development (innovation and project definition, planning functions, review methods, authority and executive functions including ability to redirect efforts, cancel, etc.) e. Management structures and relationships. f. Legal and fiscal basis. Phase II.-An Implementation Study (addressed to one or more of the above methods in technological or applications areas as authorized by the client) Task 1: Goal definition: a. Current and desired frameworks. b. Organizational structure. c. Operating rules. d. Charter and Legislative requirements. Task 2: Development plan, phases, and milestones : a. Financial plan. b. Personnel plan (staff and public membership). e. Public information plan. APPENDIX A GUIDEWAYS RESEARCH BOARD (An organizational example) BACKGROUND AND FRAMEWORK The notion of a Guideways Research Board was chosen to illustrate the concept of this paper for a number of reasons. First, expansion in the direction of guideways research is already a desire of the Highway Research Board. Second, there is an interdepartmental problem between the Departments of Transportation and of Housing and Urban Development which could be alleviated by such a Board. Third, until national legislation from 1962 to 1965 supporting rail and rapid transit development came about, rail technology research and development was embarassingly retarded in comparison to European and especially Japanese work. Fourth, the economic structure of the rail transportation industry and its impact on the overall economy makes it a particularly likely candidate to illustrate public-private collaboration. The industry has been slow about research and development but can afford a very substantially funded program. The proposed Board is chosen only as an illustration of the principle. It might be preferable actually to rename the Highway Research Board replacing it with a Transportation Research Board, or at least with a Land Transportation Research Board, and simply evolve along the general lines sketched herein. The analogies which can be drawn between the highway and the rail industries make it easier to extrapolate a suggested organization than in the more complex application areas of environmental pollution or education. The proposed Guideways Research Board would function like the Highway Research Board under the Engineering and Industrial Research Division of the National Research Council. The National Research Council was organized in accordance with Executive Order #2859, issued by President Wilson, May 11, 1918, and amended by President Eisenhower, May 10, 1956. Its functions include "(a) In general, to stimulate research in the mathematical, physical and biological sciences, and in the application of these sciences to engineering, agriculture, medicine, and other useful arts, with the object of increasing knowledge, of strengthening the national defense, and of contributing in other ways to the public welfare. "(b) To survey the broad possibilities of science, to formulate comprehensive projects of research, and to develop effective means of utilizing the scientific and technical resources of the country for dealing with such projects." The National Research Council is administered by a chairman who is appointed by the Council of the National Academy of Science. The Executive Board of the NRC includes the chairman and officers of NRC, the chairmen of divisions, and ex officio the members of the Executive Committee of the Council of the NAS. This NAS Council Executive Committee consists of seven members including the President of the Academy, the Vice-president, the Chairman of NRC (providing that he is also a member of the Academy), the home secretary of the Academy, the treasurer, and other members of the Council as appointed by the President. [Article II, Section 9 of the Constitution of the NAS states: "Pursuant to the Executive Order issued by the President of the United States, May 11, 1918, and with the duties therein specified, the Academy shall perpetuate the National Research Council."] The NRC is divided into the Office of International Relations, Divisions of Physical Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Biology and Agriculture, Anthropology and Psychology. If the proposal were carried out, The Highway Research Board and the Guideways Research Board would belong in the Division of Engineering and Industrial Research. SCOPE The proposed Guideways Research Board would be a cooperative organization of rail and rapid transit officials, technologists, economists, urban planners, industrialists, scientists and engineers operating under auspices and general management of the NRC. Members would include officials of the Departments of Transportation, of Housing and Urban Development, of Health, Education, and Welfare, of Commerce, and of Agriculture together with members of regulatory agencies, of state, regional and local transportation boards, authorities, and agencies, of private transportation companies (operators and suppliers), of user and trade associations, and of professional and service organizations interested in transportation systems. The Board would be empowered to receive, administer, and disburse public and private funds for its legitimate operating purposes, for endowments, and for the support of technical projects in furtherance of its purposes. The GRB would be restricted to considering research and development in problem areas related to the location, design, construction, operations, maintenance, promotion, and organization of guideway transportation systems near or on the surface of the earth. PURPOSE The purpose of the Guideways Research Board would be to 1. Provide a forum for the discussion of guideway transportation problems. 2. Identify and specify requirements for research and development related to guideways. 3. Correlate and disseminate the results of research and development related to guideways. 4. Provide consulting services to requesting organizations in support of or in supervision of research and development programs. 5. Provide consulting services toward the formulation of national transportation policy. 6. Administer and supervise such research and development projects as are authorized it under the guidelines of the National Research Council and following the administrative and contracting procedures of the National Research Council. SOURCES OF SUPPORT The sources of funds available to the Board for its regular operating expenses and to support projects will include public grants, membership fees, and contributions toward research and development projects from industrial organizations and trade associations, stimulated by tax and rate considerations. Direct support of specific projects by project-specific grants would be acceptable according to the guidelines and standards of the NRC. It should be noted that the Bureau of the Budget permits less detailed bookkeeping and controls on federal funds granted through the National Academy than normal procurement demands. ORGANIZATION The participants in the Guideways Research Board would be either Individual Supporting Members or designated representatives of Organizational Supporting Members. Organizational members would include federal, state, regional, and local, and foreign transportation and planning agencies, academic institutions, industrial and consulting firms, and transportation operating firms and agencies, and trade, service, and professional membership organizations. Membership would be on application of qualified personnel and on approval of the Executive Committee of the Board. The Executive Director, a fulltime paid post, would be a member ex officio of the Executive Committee. His appointment would require confirmation of the Executive Board of the National Research Council. A paid permanent administrative and technical staff would be authorized under the budget of the Board, approved by the Executive Board of the NRC. This staff would support the research correlation and information service and provide a permanent secretariat to the Departments, Divisions, and Committees of the Board. The members of the Board would be assigned to departments in accordance with their general interests and backgrounds; a possible list of departments follows: Economic Engineering Department.-economic, financial and administrative studies, operations research, regional planning, route planning principles, safety and performance analysis, test planning and standards, political and sociological analysis and demography, public relations and motivational research, market analysis methodology, and total systems engineering. Electrical, Chemical, and Mechanical Engineering Department.—vehicular and rolling stock design and standards including maintenance and construction equipment, propulsion and power generation and distribution, braking, guidance and control, traffic control, passenger and freight handling, communications equipment, ticketing and management system equipment, comfort and safety standards and packaging and containerization standards, suspension system design and standards, aerodynamics and stability. Architecture and Civil Engineering Department.-route planning consultation, geology, soils, road bed materials, guideway design and materials, overhead structures, bridging and tunnels, terminal design, air rights structure design, route architecture, noise and pollution control, construction equipment and techniques. PROSPECTIVE NON-GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT The following list of trade and service associations is not exhaustive, but gives some indication of the structure of the industry being aided and from which contributions and support for the program of the Board could be sought. American Transit Association, 355 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017. Institute for Rapid Transit, P.O. Box 355, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, Illinois 60634. Association of American Railroads, Transportation Building, Washington, D.C. 20006. American Railway Car Institute, 200 East 42d Street, New York, N.Y. American Railway Development Association, 1103 C&O Building, Huntington, West Virginia. American Railway Engineering Association, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60605. Railway Progress Institute, 38 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60603. Railway Signal and Communications Suppliers Association, 30 Church Street, New York, N.Y. 10007. National Association of Shippers Advisory Boards, Transportation Building, Washington, D.C. 20006. National Industrial Traffic League, 711 14th Street, N.W., Room 909, Washington, D.C. 20006. National Small Shipments Traffic Conference, 919 18th Street, N.W., Suite 266, Washington, D.C. 20006. Transportation Association of America, 1710 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Institute of Traffic Engineers, 1725 De Sales Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Portland Cement Association, 33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60610. National Lumber Manufacturers Association, 1619 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. National Association of Home Builders, 1625 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Structural Clay Products Institute, 1520 18th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Gypsum Association, 201 North Wells Street, Chicago, Illinois 60606. Bituminous Coal Research Institute, Inc., 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, Pennsylvania. National Coal Association, 1130 17th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. National Fuel Oil Institute, 60 East 42d Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. Rubber Manufacturers Association, 444 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022. Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. National Plant Food Institute, 1700 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. National Livestock Producers Association, 155 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. American Institute of Food Distribution, 420 Lexintgon Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017. Senator NELSON. That will conclude the hearing. (Whereupon, at 12:35 p.m., the subcommittee was recessed subject to call of the Chair.) B. 081X |