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ried during the years 1863 and '64, from 67.1 to 83.2, viz.: January 83.3, February 82, March 79, April 77.3, May 69.8, June 69, July 67.1, August 67.5, September 70.3, October 71.6, November 74.6, December 78.2.

The principal objections to the country are, the language, Portuguese, the mixed class of its population, and the want of proper facilities for education and transportation, though it appears from all the facts we could gather, that there is a steady improvement in the two latter objections.

The cost of clearing forest lands according to the custom of the country, is from $1.50 to $2.00 per acre. Horses, domesticated, can be bought for from $20 to $40; unbroken, from $15 to $30; mares, from $5 to $10; Jacks, from $50 to $100; pack mules, from $25 to $30; riding mules, from $40 to $80; unbroken in lots, from $12 to $15; fat hogs weighing two hundred pounds each, from $5 to $8; breeders and pigs, in proportion; sheep, from $1.50 to $3.00, inferior and scarce; goats, from $1 to $2; milk cows, in lots, from $8 to $10; single $12 to $15; oxen, fat, from $12 to $20; work oxen, from $30 to $40; corn usually from 50 to 75 cents, though during this summer, there has been a great scarcity, caused by a drought, during last season, said to be the first for nearly twenty years. paid from 75 cents to $3 per bushel; rice from $2 to $3; coffee, from 7 to 10 cents per pound; leather, from $3 to $5 per side; sugar, from 6 to 8 cents; rum, from 26 to 30 cents. per gallon; banannas, limes and lemons from to cent each; oranges from to 1 cent each, and pine apples abundant, and in season from 1 to 2 cents each.

We

In the largest towns most of these products, particularly fruit are much higher.

The religion of the State is Catholic, though all others are tolerated, still no Protestant is allowed to build a steeple or place a cross on his Church. Should ever the people be disposed to immigrate to Brazil, it is of the utmost importance that there should be a concert of action among them. If they contemplate going in any considerable numbers, preliminary arrangements should be made for shelter and subsistence, and all of them should settle within a reasonable distance of one another. A few families, or a few dozen families, can find ample subsistence and shelter in most of the settlements visited by us, but if more than these propose to settle far in the interior, at the same time, we would advise them, in order to avoid disappointment and distress, to make ample preparation before doing so. Notwithstanding we utter these words of caution, the citizens assure us that they will have plenty to subsist a very large number of immigrants, and in some cases have offered, with that generosity peculiar to the first class of Brazilians, to divide half their subsistence with us, without compensation. This offer includes corn, sugar, rice, &c. Flour cannot be had in the interior, as there is no wheat grown in St. Paulo, though we understand that at one time wheat was one of the principal articles of export from this Province. We believe from

the character of the best lands, that it could be grown with perfect

success.

The government allows all immigrants to introduce for their use, free of duty, all articles of prime necessity, such as tools of all kinds, wagons, gear, machinery, furniture, &c. This should not be forgotten by the emigrant, for in the interior, you will find only the hoe, axe, bill-hook and bullock cart, and they, except the hoe, of the rudest manufacture. Ploughs can be had only in the larger towns, and none have been seen by us that are suitable for the ordinary cultivation of the products of the country.

Seed of every variety, especially for the garden, should be carried in bottles, securely corked. Clothing, shoes, hats, dry goods, &c., can be bought cheaper in Brazil than in the United States. Heavy shoes for plantation use, however, are scarce in this market. They should be taken from the States, and also plough-gear of all descriptions, as well as cooking utensils. Perhaps it would be advisable for each family to provide themselves with a suitable cooking-stove, as they will find no chimneys in the interior, brick scarce and expensive, and stone not very abundant in the vicinity of the best lands.

Transportation from New York to Rio de Janeiro by the small steamer has been reduced to $200 in gold, second class $100, children at the breast without cost; from twelve to fourteen half price; under twelve one-third. All emigrants to Brazil are allowed a discount on this line of 30 per cent; the first class paying $140, and the second class $70. But we cannot tell if a similar deduction is allowed the children.

The steamers on this line make the trip in twenty-six days, having to touch at several places in the discharge of their duties. Passage can be had on a good sail vessel at most of the ports of the United States at from $75 to $160 for the first class, and for the second class at much less, perhaps one-half, the time being from forty to sixty days. From Rio to Santos, the principal seaport of St. Paulo, it would cost about $20, though we see that the Government has generously assumed that burden itself, and from thence to the interior you can pass over a railroad for about ninety miles.

The earth

The vast domain of Brazil contains the most fertile soil in the universe, and more cheap lands to allure the emigrant than any other nation under the sun. For the supply of the millions that will soon be flocking to her shores, she abounds in the precious metals and costly gems, and in the most valuable products known to commerce. "The cattle upon a thousand hills" are hers, and may be yours, and such cattle as man never beheld in any other clime. yields almost spontaneously the grain, fruit and vegetables that most delight the palate and satisfy the wants of men. To gratify the sportsman, the woods are full of game, of deer, of wild hogs, and partridges and quails, and of the most delicate birds of every hue and of every description, while her innumerable rivers and water-courses teem with fish of the greatest variety and finest flavor. Her water power is sufficient to drive all the machinery in the

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world, and her natural and material resources are equal to the support of the population of China.

Below Rio, the seasons are precisely opposed to ours, their spring or planting season beginning with the beginning of our fall, and their summer beginning with our first and ending with our last winter month. But that nothing may be wanting for the encouragement of the agriculturist in this happy region, unlike most of the other portions of the habitable globe, the summer is its wet and the winter is its dry season, and its good lands never wash away.

We traversed one Province for over a thousand miles, taking six months from our departure hence to make our explorations, and during the whole of that time we discovered no ravenous beasts worth naming, and only three or four serpents of diminutive size, and no more to be feared than those seen every day in your fields and forests. The insects that prey upon the crops, including the red ant, are not so destructive as those which infest our richest lands, and there is no rust nor sufficient frost to check or obstruct the growth of their beautiful cotton.

Moreover since the memory of man, there have been no earthquakes there, no volcanic eruptions to appal the hearts or to disturb the serenity of the inhabitants, and its men and women live to a riper old age than even in this once favored country.

Though there are a few legal and religious or canonical impediments to the foreigner or emigrant-such as that be may not reach one or two of the highest offices in the State, and may not if he be a Protestant, erect a cross upon his church-yet the whole spirit of Brazil is opposed to such hindrances, and a mighty and united effort is now being made, with the most certain prospects of success, to place the naturalized citizen and the native Brazilian on an exact equality, in all rights, in all privileges, and in all honors that the Go

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vernment can bestow.

The constitution of the Empire is modelled after the British, abating some of the most objectionable features such as the rights of primogeniture, and a hereditary nobility-and the working of the Government is harmonious, steady, just and powerful. The Emperor is a wise and magnanimous ruler, sprung from an intellectual and illustrious race, and ready at all times to condescend to any man or thing compatible with the dignity of his crown, for the advancement of the interests and glory of his country. The foreigner, on entering his domains, finds no prejudices to combat, no antipathies to avoid, but a liberal Minister ready to welcome, and a population to greet him, and a Sovereign to offer him the powerful protection of his

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government.

A large society for the promotion of emigration has been organized, and some of the ablest and most honored personages in the country appointed its directors. Its special objects are to aid and take care of the foreigner on his landing. to protect him from want as well as from the frauds of the designing, and to vindicate his rights and privileges before the Government and the councils of the nation.

The

Government has also established a hotel for the shelter and accommodation of the same class of individuals.

Corps of engineers and surveyors have been appointed to open roads and survey lands, and there is a spontaneous movement of the whole Empire to open wide its arms for the men of enterprise and labor of all nations who have a mind to seek the grandest theatre for the exercise of their energies and the display of their genius ever presented on the face of the green earth.

ART. V. THE FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA-HER INVITING RESOURCES.

RESOURCES OF THE PROPOSED NEW DISTRICT OF CALHOUN, SOUTH CAROLINA, WITH PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS AND PERSONS AFFLICTED WITH PULMONARY COMPLAINTS.-PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF CITIZENS.

NEXT to the re-establishment of Civil Government, there is no question of more vital interest to the South, than that of labor and its judicious application in developing the natural resources which abound. The expediency of diversifying our pursuits, instead of devoting attention exclusively to the production of the great staples, as has heretofore been the custom, and the necessity of inviting labor and capital from abroad, is becoming more and more apparent under the changed circumstances in which we are now placed. Much in general terms has been said and written of" the immense undeveloped resources of the South," but there are very few who are informed as to the peculiar advantages or special aptitudes of any particular section; therefore, one of the first and most practicable steps that can be adopted to revive the former prosperity of these States, is to disseminate reliable information regarding the opportunities for profitable employment offered by the specialities of each section.

Speaking of such special aptitudes, Mills, in his "Commerce Defended," page 38, remarks: "As the same country is rendered richer by the trade of one province with another, as its labor becomes thus infinitely more divided and more productive than it could otherwise have been-and as the mutual interchange of the commodities which one province has and another wants, multiplies the comforts and accommodations of the whole, ard the country becomes thus in a wonderful degree, more opulent and happy; so, the same beautiful train of consequences is seen in the world at large-that vast empire of which the different kingdoms may be regarded as provinces. One province is favorable to the production of one species of produce, and another province to another. By their mutual intercourse, mankind are enabled to distribute their labor, as best fits the genius of each particular country and people. The industry of the whole is thus rendered incomparably more productive, and every species of neces

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sary, useful and agreeable accommodation is obtained in much greater abundance and with infinitely less expense.'

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The proper application of labor requires not only a knowledge of the resources of a country in general terms, but discrimination as to what pursuits would prove profitable to certain classes or individuals. In this view your Committee have collated either from their own personal experience and observation, or from reliable information of others on whom they can depend, such facts regarding some of the most prominent resources of the section of country included in "the proposed New District of Calhoun," in connection with items of a more general nature referring to the State at large, as will enable capitalists and immigrants to form a correct opinion.

It is evident that reliable information of a practical and reliable character will be eagerly sought for, not only by foreigners, but by very many in the Northern States who are desirous of entering some of the new fields just opening, and which have hitherto been neglected or ignored.

Unless citizens who may be acquainted with the capabilities of any section give publicity to the facts, many years must elapse ere these resources can be developed, and as whatever affects in any appreciable degree any one element of the social state or section of country, affects through it all the other elements and sections. Your Committee would express the hope that Editors of Newspapers, Commissioners of Emigration and others will lend their assistance in extending publicity to some of the accompanying statements.

Of 19,000,000 of acres of land in South Carolina, over 14,000,000 are now uncultivated. The primitive forests still cover the larger part of this vast extent of land, the average density of the white population being only a little over ten to the square mile.

This State is about equally divided between the primitive and alluvial regions, the latter extending about one hundred miles from the coast. Near the sea the lands are generally low and flat, ascending and becoming more and more hilly as you proceed Westward, until they attain an elevation of near 3,000 feet, including marked varieties of climate and soil. Its low lauds, middle region and mountain tracts seem like so many different countries; some having the characteristics of Switzerland, whilst others have those of Hindostan-and capable of producing any of the plants of the temperate zone, besides many pertaining to the tropics, with water power in abundance and mineral deposits uncared for.

That portion near the coast has been principally occupied by planters owning large gangs of negroes and vast tracts of land; whilst the North and West have been mostly settled by small farmers.

Lands being cheap, the practice has generally prevailed of planting the largest area of land possible without manuring-cotton picking giving occupation during the winter and fall-thus exhausting the soil and depending on clearing new fields, or moving to the virgin lands of the far West. The comparatively smail increase of population in this State may be attributed, in a great measure, to this unfortun

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