their feelings so soon as they became Southern in their interests. We want above all things a homogeneous population. The Northern people are far more like ourselves than any other people. They blend at once with our native population, intermarry with it, and become Southerners after awhile. Immigrants from Europe are usually low-minded agrarians, who settle to themselves in large bodies, and preserve for many generations their national peculiarities, their antipathy to gentlemen, and their love of negroes. The distinguishing peculiarity of native Americans, both North and South, is their aristocratic feeling and bearing. This was remarked by the poet Dr. McKay, when he traveled among us, and he rebuked the North for calling us aristocratic, whilst they were equally so. There never was a more aristocratic pretension than KnowNothingism, nor one more heartfelt and sincere. Northerners entertained not the least doubt of their infinite superiority to all men of foreign birth. We of the South were quite satisfied to assert and maintain our superiority to negroes. Yankee aristocracy mounted a league higher. Now, it is just such aristocratic immigration that we desire. The work of abolition is not completed. The next step is negro equality. Northern immigrants will oppose this step; European immigrants advocate it. We prefer American aristocrats to European infidels, levelers and agrarians.

ART. III.-COTTON CONSUMING AND PRODUCING COUNTRIES.

[During the war, at the instance of the Confederate Government, George McHenry, of England, then in Richmond, prepared a very elaborate and able pamphlet upon the cotton crisis. We have a copy of this rare document before us, and extract what he says in regard to the European powers other than Great Britain. No man in any country is more familiar with cotton than Mr. McHenry.-EDITOR.]

FRANCE is the only country in Europe that can, in any sense, pretend or claim to compete with England in respect to the spinning of yarn and the manufacture of cotton goods. But when the character and development of that industry in the respective countries is compared, it will be readily seen that France, unlike England, offers no extended market for the produce of the Southern States. France consumes annually within her own borders about 150,000,000 pounds of cotton for clothing her people, while nearly double that quantity is so used by the people of the British Isles. The exports of cotton manufactures of all kinds from France reach only onetenth the value of those sent from England to other parts. As India is the largest market for the productions of British cotton looms, so is Algeria the principal importer of those of France. They each

take about one-fourth the entire exportations of cotton goods from either country. The French cotton goods sold in the English and American markets owe their value rather more to the designer and the dyer than to the planter or weaver. Their consumption, therefore, does not admit of any very rapid or wide increase. French taste and French chemistry, wherever they are applicable, have deservedly won for French textile fabrics a superiority universally recognized.

The extent of the cotton manufactures of France will be seen by reference to tables F and G. A few particulars may, however, be here introduced. The average quantity of raw cotton imported into France, and retained for the use of her mills in the five years, 1848 to 1852, was about 132,000,000 pounds. She likewise bought cotton yarns, chiefly from England, to a value of about 700,000 francs per annum. In 1853, her net receipts of raw cotton were increased to 165,000,000 pounds, valued at 125,000,000 francs, and her imports of yarns were worth 1,400,000 francs. The cotton goods exported from France in 1853 were cleared at a valuation of 71,900,000 francs, and her cotton yarn at 866,000 francs. These amounts exhibit but a slight increase on the average of the previous five years. The cot-ton trade of France for 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862 and 1863, figured as follows:

A Statement of the French Commerce in Raw Cotton, 1859 to 1863.

1,034,432,672 103,690,321 930,742,352 930,410,076 674,210,449

It will be seen by the third column of the preceding table, that the excessive importations of raw cotton into France in 1859, 1860 and 1861, enabled her to manage without a full supply in 1862 and 1863. The net importations for the whole period made a fair average-186,148,470 pounds per annum. France, like England, also held a large reserve of cotton goods in 1861. That reserve is now reduced to a low point. So long as the old supply lasted, France, as a community, hardly felt the pressure of high prices. On the contrary, the light outlay for cotton in 1862 made her easy in money matters, and enabled her to stand the drain upon her resources, created by the large importations of grain that year, in order to meet the deficiency arising from the bad harvest of 1861. In place of buying cotton, she purchased wheat. France on no former occasion drew breadstuffs from abroad in such quantities, without feeling great financial embarrassment. The usual expense to the people of France for the raw cotton contained in their clothing is one hundred

and twenty millions of francs per annum. In 1865, that material will cost them upwards of five hundred millions of francs, unless prices should be much reduced by the opening of the Southern ports.

Of the quantity of raw cotton received into France, there was imported through English ports (per British Board of Trade returns), in

France sent to England in the same years (per British Board of Trade returns), viz:

The raw cotton exported from England to France in 1861, 1862 and 1863, was of the growth of the undermentioned countries:

It will be noticed by these tables that France carries on both an importing and an exporting trade in raw cotton with England. She, however, buys more cotton from, than she sells to England. Her exports thither of that article consist principally of the American staple, of which sort she sometimes imports more than she needs. Her supplies from England of late are mostly of Indian cotton. Under the Cobden treaty of 1860, all cotton of that description is admitted into France free of duty, if imported in British or French vessels direct from a British port. (Coton de l'Inde en laine, importe, soit directement des lieux de production, soit des entrépôts du Royaume-Uni sous pavillon Francais ou Britannique.) American cotton is subject to a duty of 20 francs per 100 kilogrammes or 220 pounds. Previous to 1832 the duty was nearly double that rate when imported in any but French vessels. But by a treaty between France and the United States, concluded that year, the vessels of either country were placed upon the same footing. The importation, however, had to be direct from the place of production, and the origin of the article duly authenticated. A ministerial decree of December 17, 1851, enlarged the provisions of the treaty, so as to extend the equality between the vessels of the two powers, as far as

cotton was concerned, even should the American vessel touch at a British port; but in that event, the captain is required to exhibit a certificate from the French consulat such port, stating that no sale had taken place since it came ou board of his ship. This relaxation was doubtless owing to the fact of the steamships of the New York and Havre line, which frequently carried cotton, making Southampton a port of call. The service of those steamers has been discontinued since December 11, 1861; but their place has been supplied by German and French lines. The restrictions upon the importations of cotton have been further relaxed, and it is now admitted into the ports of France in the vessels of all nations. The duty on American cotton ought to be removed altogether. The amount generally collected by the French Government, upon its importation, is about 15,000,000 francs. The commerce between the Confederacy and France, since the Cobden treaty came into operation, has been so limited that the injury to the Southern planter, by the discrimination in favor of the Indian ryot, has not yet been seen or felt.

The chief exportations of cotton from Havre are by railway to Switzerland. Next in extent are those to Holland and Sardinia. Smaller shipments are made to the other Italian States, to Spain, and to Austria.

The shipments of cotton yarns and cotton goods from England to France, 1858 to 1863 (per British Board of Trade tables), were:

The shipments of cotton yarns and cotton goods to England from France, 1858 to 1863 (per British Board of Trade tables), in value,

Belgium imports 75,000 bales of cotton of 400 pounds each, onehalf of which is the growth of the Southern States; the other half is East Indian cotton, received through England. Her re-exports in the manufactured state amount to one-eighth of all she imports. She buys from England 560,000 pounds of cotton yarn and 3,000,000

yards of cotton goods. The consumption of cotton within her limits is 4 pounds per head. Her population is 5,000,000.

In Spain, the cotton culture and manufacture was introduced by the Moors, and continued by them to some extent for several centuries. The cotton grown in Motril, Kingdom of Granada, was of good staple and much prized. Barcelona was famed for her sailcloth. The cotton sail-cloth of the present day, therefore, is no new article of commerce. The fustianeros of Spain wove stout cotton goods, from which the term fustian is derived. Cotton paper was made by the Spanish Arabs. The strong religious hatred that existed between the two rival races on the peninsula prevented these Oriental arts from extending further west, or taking a stong hold on the Christian population, and consequently at the fall of the Saracen empire in Spain, the cotton culture and manufacture relapsed into insignificance. About a quarter of a century ago, the cotton manufacture began to revive, from which time, up to the period of the American war, it had slowly increased. Spain imports annually about 100,000 bales of cotton of 400 lbs. each-80 per cent. of which is the growth of the Southern States. She draws from Brazil abont 6,000 bales of the same weight; from Porto Rico, about 700 bales; Cuba, about 300 bales, and the balance from British India via England and the Mediterranean. She also imports about 200,000 pounds of cotton yarn, and 3,500,000 yards cotton goods-the yarns and goods chiefly from England. Her population is 16,500,000. They consume 3 pounds of cotton per head.

Portugal imports about 5,000 bales of cotton annually-ninetenths of which quantity is received from the Brazils, and the balance is of the growth of the Southern States, obtained through England. Portugal is a large customer to England for cotton yarns and cotton goods-from whom she purchases annually about 300,000 pounds of the one, and 55,000,000 yards of the other. Her population is 3,600,000. The consumption of cotton is at the rate of four pounds per head. The Portuguese, who were the discoverers of the passage to India, via the Cape of Good Hope, made large importations of cotton stuffs and muslins into Europe, but they did not attempt to establish cotton manufactures in their own country.

Cotton was introduced into Italy as a garden plant, at a very early date. It was cultivated as a crop in the eleventh century along the shores of the Gulf of Taranto, where its manufacture sprang up. It was the fashion for the ladies to occupy their spare time in spinning yarn and knitting stockings, which were greatly admired, and sold for high prices. Italian muslins were much in vogue until the end of the last century, when they were superseded by those of India, and in turn by those of England. During the wars of Napoleon the Great, when the "Continental system was in operation, and cotton could not be obtained from other sources in Europe, Italy produced a considerable quantity of that staple. So much so that the olive tree and the mulberry tree, which at one time were the principal objects of cultivation, were destroyed in order to make room for cot