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are anti-slavery men, but do not favor negro equality; indeed, they hate negroes, and hold them at much greater distance than we do. They never settle in colonies when they come among us, but at once intermix and intermarry with our own people. In ten years they usually become thoroughly Southernized.

Their children born among us are always as true to the South as any other of our citizens; whilst foreigners, settling in colonies, do not become Americanized for three or four, and sometimes six or eight generations. There is not the least danger that abolition and negro-equality agitators from the North will ever come to settle among us, for they come to make money, and to do so, they all know they must be silent on these subjects. Besides, they expect to make money from the labor of the negroes, and will naturally endeavor to make them as humble, submissive and industrious as possible. Northern men coming to settle among us will almost universally be well-disposed to our people. Anti-slavery men may come, but no outspoken abolitionists or negro-equality men. They would be at once under the ban of society, excluded from all social circles, exposed to constant insult and occasional caning. It would be far easier to face the cannon's mouth, than to brave the angry and indignant public opinion that would here beset and surround them. Immigration from the North would increase our population, strength and weight in the Union, and diminish theirs. But what is more impor tant, Northern immigrants, becoming identified in interest with the South, would not only be ready themselves to defend those interests, but they would exercise much influence with their friends and acquaintance at the North in strengthening the Southern party in that section. Besides, the National Government, even in Northern hands, would be loath to persevere in measures oppressive to the South, which would injuriously affect considerable numbers of immigrants from that section. In fine, there is not the least danger that we can coax enough of immigration from that section to affect opinion here. They would be certain to adopt our thoughts and opinions, not we theirs.

We write not only understandingly on this subject, but we also write feelingly. For more than a year past, half of which time our family was with us, our intercourse has been almost entirely with Northern officers, surgeons and privates. We and our family have received from them uniform politeness and kind treatment. We are indebted to them for many favors and acts of kindness and accommodation. We have conversed on political and social subjects with them, from the commanding general down to the humblest privates, and maintained our own opinions in their utmost latitude, without giving offence or eliciting unpleasant reply. We have seen, we thought, much of prejudice and gross misapprehension, but nothing like corruption or willful injustice. We are sure we could live forever in pleasant, social intercourse with such men, if they would but withdraw their troops from among us, and appear as mere civilians and as our equals. Now they are placed by Government as masters

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over us, as spies to watch us, and report all that we do and all that we say, and as peculiar guardians and asserters of the rights and equality of the negroes. This is not the fault of individuals, but of the Government that employs them. So far as we have seen, making allowance for their prejudices and misconceptions, they discharge their duties with delicacy and forbearance. Especially is this the case of late, since they have become better acquainted with negro character. We believe if the Northern troops were withdrawn that the South would desire and welcome immigration from that section; and that the immigrants would find agreeable social intercourse among us; for then we should associate as equals. We rather express what we consider the opinions and feelings that operate on other people than our own. We feel quite as much their equal now as if the troops were withdrawn, and we loath to visit on individuals the offences of Government. We like individuals, whom we find out to be good and upright men, none the less because their Government oppresses us.

We do not include in this description a set of idle, vagrant, vagabond, strong-minded women and weak-minded Yankee clergy, whom we often meet wandering unemployed about the country. They are all vile incendiaries and malignants, curiously peering into our affairs, to make false reports of them, and inciting the negroes to insubordination and insolence. Such wretches are the enemies of the human race, and would gladly see the South again drenched in blood, even although they foresaw that it would result in the expulsion or extermination of the negroes, whom they only affect to love, for Satan could not have chosen more appropriate emissaries.

Returning to the thread of our essay, we have to consider war as a civilizer. We know it is distasteful to most readers to see war treated of, except as the greatest and most unmitigated evil. We shall, therefore, treat this part of our subject very briefly. The first well-attested instance of the diffusion of civilization on a large scale was brought about by Alexander the Great. He conquered a large portion of Asia and a part of Africa, and diffused Greek literature, arts, science and civilization throughout his conquered dominions. No one will deny that this conquest greatly elevated the civilization of those countries. Several centuries thereafter they were gradually conquered by the Romans, but Greek civilization remained intact. And for nearly a thousand years after those countries were conquered and colonized by the Greeks, they preserved a civilization essentially Greek, and equal, perhaps, to that of Europe in those days. Indeed, until near the time of the Reformation, Alexandria in Egypt, founded by Alexander, rivaled Athens as a school of learning, of art and of science, and surpassed Rome. The Romans conquered the ancient world, the "terra cognita antiques," colonized and diffused Roman civilization, arts, laws, customs and science, wherever they had not been preceded by the Greeks. In later ages the Sclavonians, who, at the earliest accounts we have of them, lived about the mouth of the Danube, have conquered and

colonized Hungary, Germany, Poland and all of Russia, from the Baltic to the mouth of the Amoor, and from the Crimea to the Frozen Ocean. All of these immense regions, except Germany, they still hold, and the German population is in large proportion Sclavic. They civilized, too, as they conquered. Russia has improved faster since the days of Peter the Great than any other nation, and the Russians are Sclavonians. War, conquest and civilization will civilize any people, except negroes and Indians. The missionaries for centuries past have been promising and trying to civilize them, but have, so far, made no progress whatever. Indeed, missionaries never did civilize a people, unless it be a handful of Sandwich Islanders; and missionary civilization is fast exterminating them.

ART. V.-FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

INVITING RESOURCES, ETC., WITH INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS, ETC. (Concluded from June Number.)

WATER POWER AND MANUFACTURING ADVANTAGES.-West of and adjacent to Aiken is a ragged, broken body of land, containing probably forty or fifty square miles, which, to the unobservant traveler, presents a most bleak and dreary aspect; but the various stratas cropping out naturally, or exposed by the effects of heavy rains washing away the hillsides, and by the railroad excavations, afford a vast field, interesting alike to the scientific geologist or the practical manufacturer.

Immense beds of different kinds of clay, from the purest and whitest kaolin, to the dark-colored mud of which bricks are made, sands of all hues, some as fine as flour, others large coarse crystals; siliceous earths of many kinds; ferruginous sandstones, the conglomerate shell, buhrstones, granite, mica, feldspar, ochres of different colors, are all found in this vicinity. But a short distance off a deposit of manganese is found, and potash can be readily made in the surrounding forests. Experts have pronounced the sands to be admirably adapted for making glass and crystal, and the quality of the kaolin is admitted to be equal, if not superior, to that of which the celebrated Staffordshire ware is made. It is doubtful if the combination of the ingredients of glass and earthenware can be found in such immediate proximity anywhere else.

Ure, page 464, vol. II, says: "It is to the late Josiah Wedgewood, Esq., that this country (England) and the world at large are mainly indebted for the great modern advancement of the ceramic art. So sound were his principles, so judicious his plans of procedure, and so ably have they been prosecuted by his successors in Staffordshire, that a population of sixty thousand operatives now derive a comfortable subsistence within a district, formerly bleak and barren, of eight miles long by six broad, which now contains one hundred and fifty kilns, and is significantly called the Potteries."

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And McCulloch, in his Dictionary, vol. II, page 324, speaking of this ware, says: "Its excellent workmanship, its solidity, the advantage it possesses of sustaining the action of fires, its fine glaze, impenetrable to acids, the beauty and convenience of its form, the cheapness of its price, have given rise to a commerce so active and universal, that in traveling from Paris to St. Petersburg, from Amsterdam to the farthest point of Sweden, and from Dunkirk to the extremity of the South of France, one is served at every innupon English ware. Spain, Portugal and Italy are supplied with it; and vessels are loaded with it for both the Indies and the continent of America. The estimated value of these products (in 1835) exceed $15,000,000 annually." The practical uses of these earthsands and clays are innumerable.

Each year some new use is found for some of the various modifications to which stoneware, earthenware, porcelain glass, crystal, etc., can be applied, formed as they are of a substance of no other intrinsic value, and of a material so easily worked, and of such gradations of quality, as to suit every station from the highest to the lowest, and admirably adapted to labor-saving and economical uses, and capable of receiving the most beautiful and exquisite forms, affording gratification to the most fastidious tastes and fancies. Among the uses of these plastic clays, not the least important is that of making articles such as bricks, tiles, etc. Paving tiles, draining tiles and roofing tiles, as well as ornamental encaustic tiles would meet with a ready sale if properly introduced. The difference in the rates of insurance of houses covered with shingles, as is customary in this country, and those covered with metals, slates or tiles, indicate the importance of substituting incombustible roofs in place of those now used, and fire as well as ordinary building bricks. are constantly needed in a growing country.

In 1856 a party of Northerners shipped from a portion of this tract several thousand tons of this kaolin, to be manufactured in New England; and a few years later a factory was established here, and is now in successful operation. The ware is generally the ordinary qualities, but some has been turned out that was so clear, smooth and translucent as to bear favorable comparison with French porcelain, and others similar to the Parian marble-work, indicating that the materials for making the various grades and qualities abounded in this locality.

In 1838, when the population of the United States was only onehalf its present number, the value of the earthenware imported amounted to $1,600,000.

During the war a number of potteries were employed in making articles of coarse stoneware, which were eagerly sought after as substitutes for white ware, and a number of employees were exempted from conscription, in order to furnish the Medical Purveyors and other departments various indispensable articles. A few days since one of the potters stated that even now he could not supply the demand for coarse pipkins, pans, jugs, jars, etc., at fifteen cents

per gallon, and with his rough and primitive machinery he could turn out fifty gallons per day to the hand.

Taking into consideration the protection afforded by the present tariff, and the fragility and consequent enormous consumption of this class of articles, there is every reason to believe that properly conducted works must prove among the most remunerative investments that can be made. In England the pipe-clay from Dorsetshire and Devonshire, and the flints from Kent, are transported to Staffordshire, where the principal clay abounds. Now, here are inexhaustible deposits of the raw material of various qualities, lying immediately on the surface, in a country intersected by streams affording water power, and railroads and navigable rivers affording cheap transportation to the commercial centres, fuel so abundant that the expense would only be for the cutting and hauling, and not in a wild, uncivilized country, but where schools and churches are already established. It is stated in the Encyclopædia Britannica that "the exports of earthenware from great Britain amounted, in 1857, to £1,488,668 (over $7,000,000), of which THE UNITED STATES TOOK NEARLY ONE-HALF, so little has the potter's art been encouraged in the New World."

Your Committee would express a hope that by some means enterprise may be directed to these invaluable deposits, believing that were the opportunities here offered generally known, this field for labor would rapidly fill, and that Calhoun District might become as noted for its wares as Staffordshire now is.

SILK CULTURE. The vast amount of money annually sent abroad for the purchase of silks, the increasing consumption of this article among all classes, and to an extent probably not known in any other country except China, and the acknowledged capacity of the United States to produce silk of the very best quality, induced Congress, in 1826, to publish and distribute manuals and treatises, prepared with great care and fullness, giving all necessary instructions and details for the prosecution of this business, from the propagation and planting of the trees to the preparation and manufacture of the silk. The interest manifested was commensurate with the importance of the subject, and the prospect of silk becoming one of our staple productions was flattering and encouraging, until the morus multicaulis mania of '38 and '40 spread over the land. The history of that speculation unfolds a system of villainy and fraud seldom exceeded. Every possible trick was devised to create exorbitant prices and immediate demand for the buds, cuttings and roots of the new plant, and with such success that all classes of society entered into the speculation, confident of amassing fortunes in a year or two, entirely forgetting that, unless some one raised the worms to eat the leaves, there would not be any demand for the trees. When the people awoke from their delusion, very naturally a proportionate reaction took place, and silk culture was denounced as a humbug by thousands who had not had a single worm. Now that

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