"Dof thou imagine that he requires "thee to follow him into the grave. Did he not leave thee fome duties to fulf!! Watch over his difconfolate widow, be a father to his or"phan daughter; cherish and love

thofe who while on earth he cherished and loved; imitate him, and perpetuate the remembrance of "his virtues by practicing them. "Thus wilt thou fulfil the real in"tentions of Athendorus." Thefe words revived my finking fpirits, [ felt myself re-animated. Arifing with precipitation and in a kind of extacy, I carried away the funeral gifts which thaded the tomb of Athendorus. I bave covered it with flowers--I have ornamented my head with them I have replenished my cup with fparkling wine. - I have made the ufual libation --I know, O Athenians the contents of Athendorus's will, I obey his laft commands." Then approaching Monima and her daughter and embracing them tenderly, Wife of my friend, cried he,thou

halt be mine. I have one daughter the fruit of a former matriage. "Thy daughter fhall be reared with sher and I will make no diftinction

between them. I mean not, O "Monimia, to endeavour to make "you forget your hufband imprinted 4 on cur hearts in characters never "to be effaced we will always pre" ferve a fweet and tender remem

brance of him. His fidelity to his "friends, his tenderness to his fa; «mily, his love for his country, his "patience, his courage, fhall be con

Aant themes of our converfations, and the object of our admiration. "We will never forget his virtues,

we will endeavour to imitate and leave them as precedents to thofe who fhall furvive us." The words of Philocles moved the hearts of the Athenians who only replied by acclamations. That volade people to whom it was only neceffary to point out the path of rectitude to engage them to purfue it, heaped praifes on Philocles and conduced him to his houfe with every demonftration of joy. Philocles religioufly obferved his promifehe married Monimia and made her happy--he spared no expence on the education of the

daughter of Athendorus, and when fhe had attained her fixteenth year, he affigned her a portion, and left her at liberty in the choice of a husband.

On COLD WATER.. HR feafon is now arrived where

T

in it is ufual to find our bills of mortality greatly enlarged by the fatal effects of too free a ufe of COLD WATER; no less than two inftances of its fatality were exhibited the laft week on one and the fame day, and it may not perhaps be altogether uselefs to beftow a few moments on an inquiry into the manner in which it operates in producing those effects, and the most effectual means for removing them in fuch cafes as admit not of the leaft deliberation or delay.

The hiftory of the whole world, in allages, must convince us, that fuch is the confutution of the human mind, as to render al: the cautions and admonitions that experience can fugget, totally ineffectual for the purpofe of deterring men from practices which are not neceffarily and variably productive of immediate evil.

The multitudes who are annually falling facrifices to the inconûderate practice of drinking large draughts of COLD WATER whilft the body is heated with exercise, and the furrounding "atmosphere, · fufficiently evinces the truth of my affertion ; for who is there that poffefles common Kenfe, who does not know that it muft forever be hazardous, and is often \deftru&tive.

To repeat the caution then would be idle and fruittels; it has been done a thousand times, but the relistlefs dictates of appetite have trampled it under foot, and the conviction of our abfurdity has been enforced only by the terribleness of its confequences. That the application of cold to the external and internal furface of the body, is the remote cause of a great variety of difeafes, is univerfally allowed. That change which it produces on the veffels and organs of the body from their natural healthy Rate, is the Immediate caufe of the difeafe.

The natural operation of a moderate degree of cold applied to the animal

nimal body, is a ftimulus or excite ment of the veffels, to which it is ap plied, to an increase of motion, or more forcible action. The fluids contained in thofe vessels muft confequently be propelled in the course of the circulations with an increased force and velocity, fo as to produce,

generous warmth, and an equable glow in the parts referred to; becaufe, whatever may be the generating caufe of heat in the animal body, we find it to be generally proportionable to the momentum of the blood in the veffels. This ftimulating power of cold, is probably the fame with that by which it aftringes or braces up the fibres of the animal body; we may confider cold therefore as producing a general ftri&ture on the parts to which it is applied, and by this friture we must neceffarily conceive the blood to be thrown from thofe parts towards the heart; but we know that where this power is exerted only in a moderate de gree, the heart will foon be excited into re-action, and if this force is fufficiently great it will overcome the first mentioned power, and again propell the blood through the veffels already contracted by coid, in fuch manner as by the increase of friction, to bring on the glow and heat as abovementioned. Thus far the action of cold on the human body is not only innocent but falotary, and ferves the purpofe of effe&uaily removing fuch difeafes as are the effect of an inactive fate of the folids, and a fuggith motion of the fluids.

But fuppofing the cold to be intenfe, or too long applied to the animal Abre, the tricture on the furface will proportionably exceed the bounds confitent with health, and by throwing the blood inwards with a force too great to be readily overcome by the heart, will begin to conftitute disease, and this difeife will be more violent in proportion to the greater degree of contration, and the continuance of its exiftence

It is not difficult to conceive, that this contrating power may, under thefe circumstances, totally extin guish the vital principle. If the heat I not capable by its re-action of Overcoming the fritule thus pro..

duced, it is plain that the blood must be congefted in large quantities in the veffels near the heart, till at length thofe veffels being crowded with blood, the auricles and ventricles of the heart itself, can no longer be emptied by its contraction; in confequence of which death muft fhortly enfue.

It is easy to prove that a large. quantity of very cold water, taken into the flomach of an animal at once,, may produce all these effects.

Every phyfician knows the inti mate connection fubfifting between the fomach and skin, infomuch that afmall quantity of cold water taken. into the ftomach, will often prove one of the beft methods of producing a fweat that has hitherto been invented, and this by the fame mode of operation as abovementioned, viz. ftimulating the veffels of the skin, by means of their fympathy with the ftomach, and fo deriving the fluids to them.

If this is fact, it naturally follows, that too violent an action of the fame power may produce, primarily a fixed fricture on the blood veffels: in the neighbourhood of the ftomach, and then confequentially, the fame ftricture on the veffets of the fkin; and though the first caufe alone would be fufficient to produce all the effects abovementioned, yet when conjoined with the latter it muft aft with a ftill greater degree of intenfity.

But the action of this power will be much increafed, if a large draught of very cold water is taken into a body greatly heated with exercife, or the furrounding atmosphere.

The effect of cold on our fenfations, is evidently in a great measure relative, and depends much on the degree of heat exifting in the body to which it is applied. A cold body will appear much colder when felt by a hand uncommonly warm, than by one of a natural temperature; of this any one may convince himself by his own experience. Cold water then will act with an increased power on the ftomach and fkin, in proportion to the excess of the animal heat above. the natural, healthy temperature of the body. So that a congeftion of the blood in the large veffels, and./

the

the utter inability of the heart to overcome the refiftance in the contrafted veffels, and move the column of blood in the diftended arteries, or in other words, a total extinction of animal life, will be moft likely to take place from the application of cold water to the furface of the ftomach, when the blood is moft heated by air and exercise.

The immediate caufe of death, as here explained, may not always however be the only one; the ftomach is feated near the largest artery in the body; confequently in the Vicinity of a large column of blood, in a ftate of health, perpetually in circulation.

By heat we know the blood to be rarified and the veffels diftended, we know alfo, that a fudden dimunition of the volumn of fluids contained in the veffels, as in blood leting,or as fudden an increase of the cavities containing them, as in fetting by a large fire, will both of them equally produce a faintnefs from a ceafing of the circulation, in confequence of the blood not being duly acted upon by its containing veffels.

The COLD WATER in the ftomach, in the above cafe, muft neceffarily fuddenly condense the blood contain ed in the neighbouring part of the aorta, the circulations may cease as above, and the fame caufe continuing to act, may fo long fufpend the circulatory motion, as to render the heart incapable of renewing it.

The fymptoms which ufually at tend fudden injury from the drinking of COLD WATER, when the body is over-heated, are intolerable anxiety about the breaft, extreme difficulty of refpiration, pain in the ftomach and bowels from retained air in confequence of a fri&ure in the firft paffages, tenfion of the abdomen from thejfame caufe, coldness of the extremities, a pale or livid countenance, and fometimes convulfions; all of which are frequently fucceeded by death or fome other disease.

I have feen if I miftake not, feveral fcores of foldiers of this ftate's quota in the continental service, whofe confitutions were ruined, by largely drinking cold water, on the intenfely

This will not appear extraordinary to any one acquainted with the ufe of an inftrument lately invented by Mr. Mudge, for the purpose of removing an obftruction of perfpiration in its recent flate.

It is well known, that by taking into the lungs, from this inftrument, the exhalation from cold water, a fevere cold, or obftruction of perfpiration is produced,doubtless by means of the ftri&ture abovementioned; and it is as well known, that the ftreams of warm water ufed in the same machine, will effectually remove this

diforder.

I will not fay that the use of this machine would be fo beneficial, as the actual application of warm water by way of bath, but in the lefs preffing cafes, it may perhaps be most eligible.

Upon the whole.----As this complaint molt commonly proves fatal before proper affiftance can be obtained, it seems neceffary, that fome directions should be given, for the use of those who may not be poffeffed of medical skil. Doubtlefs bleeding may in fome cafes be very beneficial, aud vomiting may, after the veffels have been emptied, renew the circulatton by the general agitation it produces; injection of tobacco smoke, inflation of the lungs, friction of the furface, and the general application of heat to the body, might concur in the fame intention; but from the above confideration, and I think from repeated

hot day on which happened the battle of Monmouth, and it is well known it proved immediately fatal to many.

repeated experience, of it's good effects; I am convinced, that the copi. ous ufe of WARM WATER, is at least as much to be relied on, as either of the above means, and I am much of the opinion, that were the perfons feized with thefe complaints, whether from the ufe of cold water, or from the cold damps of wells or cifterns which operate in the fame way, immediately to drink freely of warm water, to bathe the feet in the fame, and to involve the whole body in a vapour bath, or, the fteam of warm water, it would often produce vomiting, generally relax the ftomach, and cutaneous veffels, take off the refiftance to the action of the heart, restore the circulations, and fave many a valuable man from the jaws M.....

of death.

Bofton, July 2d, 1784.

Methods adopted by the HuMANE SOCIETY, London, for the recovery of DROWNED Perfons.

W

HEREAS there are many inconteftible proofs of the recovery of Perfons who have been taken out of the water for dead, although they had been for a confiderable time without even the leaft fign of life; and as many more in fuch circum. flances might have been reftored, had they not been treated in an improper and pernicious manner, or too haftily given up for loft, The SOCIETY, induced by a principle of humanity, have undertaken to make publick the following methods of treating fuch cafes, which are now practifed in feveral countries of Europe with amazing fuccefs.

METHODS OF TREATMENT. I.In removing the body to a convenient place, great care fhould be taken that it be not bruised, nor fhaken violently, nor roughly handled, not carried over any one's fhoulders, with the head hanging downwards, nor rolled upon the ground, or over a barrel, nor lifted up by the heels: for experience proves, that all these methods are injurious, and often defroy the small remains of life. The

.

unfortunate object should be cauti. oufly conveyed in the arms of two or more perfons, or in a carriage upon ftraw, lying, as on a bed, with the head a little raifed, and kept in as natural and eafy a pofition as poffible.

II. The body being well dried with a cloth, fhould be placed in a bed or blanket properly warmed; but not too near a large fire. Bottles of hot water should be laid to the bottoms of the feet, in the joints of the knees, and under the arm-pits; and a warming pan, moderately heated, or hot bricks wrapped in cloths, fhould be rubbed over the body, and particulary along the back. The na-. tural and kindly warmth of a healthy perfon lying by the fide of the body, particularly by that of a child, has been found in many cafes very efficacious. The windows or doors of the room thould be left open, and no more perfons be admited into it than those who are abfolutely necffa depends upon his having the benefit ry, as the life of the patient greatly of a pure air. The thirt or cloaths of an attendant, or the skin of a sheep fresh killed, may also be used with advantage. Should these accidents happen in the neighbourhood of a warm bath, brew-houfe, bake-house glass-houfe, faltern, foap-manufactory, or any fabrick where warm lees, athes, embers, grains, fand, water, &c. can be easily procured, it would be very proper to place the body in any of thefe, moderated to a degree of heat, but very little exceeding that of a healthy perfon.

III. The body being placed in one or other of thefe advantageous circumftances as fpeedily as poffible, various ftimulating means fhould next be employed. The moft efficacious are: Blowing with force into the lungs, by applying the mouth to that of the patient, clofing at the fame time his noftrils with one hand, and gently expelling the air again by preffing the cheft with the other, imitating the ftrong breathing of a healthy perfon; the medium of a handkerchief or cloth may be used to render the operation lefs indelicate :--Throwing the fmoke of tobacco up the fundament into the bowels, by means of a pipe or fumigator, fuch

as are used in adminiftring clyfters: a pair of bellows may be employed until the others can be procured :--Rubbing the belly, cheft, back, and arms, with a coarse cloth, or dry falt, fo as not to rub off the ikin; or with a flannel dipped in brandy, rum, or gin: applying fpirits of hartforu, volatile falts, or any other ftimulat ing fubftance, to the noftrils, and rub bing them upon the temples very frequently: Tickling the throat with

the medical art; yet it is always advifable to feek the affiftance of fome regular practitioner as foon as poffible, as it is to be prefumed that fuch a one will be more skilful and expert, and better able to vary the methods of procedure, as a& circumftances may require.

From the WORLD.

ty to vomit; and the noftrils alfo with a feather, fnuff, or any other flimu Jant, fo as to provoke (neezing. The body fhould at intervals be fhaken alfo, and varied in its position.

IV. If there be any figns of returne ing life, fuch as fighing, gafping, twitchings or any other convulfive motions; beating of the heart, the return of the natural coleur and warmth, a fpoonful of warm water may be adminiflred in order to learn whether the power of fwallow ing be returned; if it be, a fpoonful or two of warm wine, or brandy and water, may be given with advantage; but not before, as the liquor might other wife get into the lungs. One or other of the above methods should be perfevered in, until the patient be reRored.

We have been as circumftantial as Foffible in the above directions, that if one conveniency fhould be wanting the attendants may not be at a los for others. Where the patient has lain but a fhort time fenfelefs, blowing into the lungs or bowels has been, in fome cafes, found fufficient: yer a fpeady recovery is not to be expected in general. The above methods are therefore to be continued with fpirit for two hours or upwards, although there be not the leaft symptoms of returning life. The vulgar notion that a perfon will recover in a few minutes, cr not at all, and the ignorant, foolish ridiculing of thofe who are willing to perfevere, as if they were attempting impoffibilities, have moft certainly, caufed the death of many who might otherwife have been faved.

Most of the above means are hap. pily of fuch a nature that they may be begun immediately, and that by perfons who are not acquainted with

ed with that fcene in the first part of Harry 4th, where the ha morous Sir John Falftaff, after up. braiding the prince with being the corrupter of his morals, and refolv ing on amendment, forms a very reafonable with "to know where a commodity of good names may be bought." It happens indeed, a little unfortunately that he immediately relapses into his old courfes, and enters into a fcheme for a robbery that night, which he endeavours to juftify by calling-it his trade; "why Hal (fays he) 'tis my vocation Hal, 'tis no fin for a man to la bour in his vocation!"

As often as this paffage has ocurred to me, I could not help thinking that if we were to look narrowly into the conduct of mankind, we fhould find the fat knight's excuse to have a more general influence than is commonly imagined. It should feem as if there were certain degrees of difhonefty which were allowable, and that most occupations have an acknowleged lattitude in one or more particolars, where men may be rogues with impunity, and almoft without blame.

It will be no difficult task to illuftrate the truth of this obfervation by fcrutinizing into the conduct of men of all ranks, orders and profeffions. This fhall be the fubje of the prefent ESSAY, and I fhall begin where it is always good manners to begin, with my betters and fuperiors.

The tyrant who, to gratify his am bition, depopulates whole nations and facrifices the lives of millions of his fubjects to his infatiable defire of conqueft, as a glorious prince : deftru&tion is his trade, and he is only labouring in his vocation.

The