duration as would discourage observance by the individual of the proposed procedures; and (iv) The average concentrations present in the areas occupied by employees. § 20.104 Exposure of minors. (a) No licensee shall possess, use or transfer licensed material in such a manner as to cause any individual within a restricted area who is under 18 years of age, to receive in any period of one calendar quarter from radioactive material and other sources of radiation in the licensee's possession a dose in excess of 10 percent of the limits specified in the table in paragraph (a) of § 20.101. (b) No licensee shall possess, use or transfer licensed material in such a manner as to cause any individual within a restricted area, who is under 18 years of age to be exposed to airborne radioactive material possessed by the licensee in an average concentration in excess of the limits specified in Appendix B, Table II of this part. For purposes of this paragraph, concentrations may be averaged over periods not greater than a week. (c) The provisions of paragraph (c) of § 20.103, shall apply to exposures subject to paragraph (b) of this section. § 20.105 Permissible levels of radiation in unrestricted areas. (a) There may be included in any application for a license or for amendment of a license proposed limits upon levels of radiation in unrestricted areas resulting from the applicant's possession or use of radioactive material and other sources of radiation. Such applications should include information as to anticipated average radiation levels and anticipated occupancy times for each unrestricted area involved. The Commission will approve the proposed limits if the applicant demonstrates that the proposed limits are not likely to cause any individual to receive a dose to the whole body in any period of one calendar year in excess of 0.5 rem. (b) Except as authorized by the Commission pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, no licensee shall possess, use of transfer licensed material in such a manner as to create in any unrestricted area from radioactive material and other sources of radiation in his possession: (1) Radiation levels which, if an individual were continuously present in the area, could result in his receiving a dose in excess of two millirems in any one hour, or (2) Radiation levels which, if an individual were continuously present in the area, could result in his receiving a dose in excess of 100 millirems in any seven consecutive days. § 20.106 Radioactivity in effluents to unrestricted areas. (a) A licensee shall not possess, use, or transfer licensed material so as to release to an unrestricted area radioactive material in concentrations which exceed the limits specified in Appendix "B", Table II of this part, except as authorized pursuant to § 20.302 or paragraph (b) of this section. For purposes of this section concentrations may be averaged over a period not greater than one year. (b) An application for a license or amendment may include proposed limits higher than those specified in paragraph (a) of this section. The Commission will approve the proposed limits if the applicant demonstrates: (1) That the applicant has made a reasonable effort to minimize the radioactivity contained in effluents to unrestricted areas; and (2) That it is not likely that radioactive material discharged in the effluent would result in the exposure of an individual to concentrations of radioactive material in air or water exceeding the limits specified in Appendix "B", Table II of this part. (c) An application for higher limits pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section shall include information demonstrating that the applicant has made a reasonable effort to minimize the radioactivity discharged in effluents to unrestricted areas, and shall include, as pertinent: (1) Information as to flow rates, total volume of effluent, peak concentration of each radionuclide in the effluent, and concentration of each radionuclide in the effluent averaged over a period of one year at the point where the effluent leaves a stack, tube, pipe, or similar conduit; (2) A description of the properties of the effluents, including: (i) chemical composition; (ii) physical characteristics, including suspended solids content in liquid effluents, and nature of gas or aerosol for air effluents; (iii) the hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) of liquid effluents; and (iv) the size range of particulates in effluents released into air. (3) A description of the anticipated human occupancy in the unrestricted area where the highest concentration of radioactive material from the effluent is expected, and, in the case of a river or stream, a description of water uses downstream from the point of release of the effluent. (4) Information as to the highest concentration of each radionuclide in an unrestricted area, including anticipated concentrations averaged over a period of one year: (i) In air at any point of human occupancy; or (ii) In water at points of use downstream from the point of release of the effluent. (5) The background concentration of radionuclides in the receiving river or stream prior to the release of liquid effluent. (6) A description of the environmental monitoring equipment, including sensitivity of the system, and procedures and calculations to determine concentrations of radionuclides in the unrestricted area and possible reconcentrations of radionuclides. (7) A description of the waste treatment facilities and procedures used to reduce the concentration of radionuclides in effluents prior to their release. (d) For the purposes of this section the concentration limits in Appendix "B", Table II of this part shall apply at the boundary of the restricted area. The concentration of radioactive material discharged through a stack, pipe or similar conduit may be determined with respect to the point where the material leaves the conduit. If the conduit discharges within the restricted area, the concentration at the boundary may be determined by applying appropriate factors for dilution, dispersion, or decay between the point of discharge and the boundary. (e) In addition to limiting concentrations in effluent streams, the Com mission may limit quantities of radioactive materials released in air or water during a specified period of time if it appears that the daily intake of radioactive material from air, water, or food by a suitable sample of an exposed population group, averaged over a period not exceeding one year, would otherwise exceed the daily intake resulting from continuous exposure to air or water containing one-third the concentration of radioactive materials specified in Appendix "B", Table II of this part. (f) The provisions of this section do not apply to disposal of radioactive material into sanitary sewerage systems, which is governed by § 20.303. [29 F.R. 14434, Oct. 21, 1964] § 20.107 Medical diagnosis and therapy. Nothing in the regulations in this part shall be interpreted as limiting the intentional exposure of patients to radiation for the purpose of medical diagnosis or medical therapy. § 20.108 Orders requiring furnishing of bio-assay services. Where necessary or desirable in order to aid in determining the extent of an individual's exposure to concentrations of radioactive material, the Commission may incorporate appropriate provisions in any license, directing the licensee to make available to the individual appropriate bio-assay services and to furnish a copy of the reports of such services to the Commission. (a) As used in the regulations in this part, "survey" means an evaluation of the radiation hazards incident to the production, use, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive materials or other sources of radiation under a specific set of conditions. When appropriate, such evaluation includes a physical survey of the location of materials and equipment, and measurements of levels of radiation or concentrations of radioactive material present. (b) Each licensee shall make or cause to be made such surveys as may be necessary for him to comply with the regulations in this part. 139 § 20.202 Personnel monitoring. (a) Each licensee shall supply appropriate personnel monitoring equipment to, and shall require the use of such equipment by: (1) Each individual who enters a restricted area under such circumstances that he receives, or is likely to receive, a dose in any calendar quarter in excess of 25 percent of the applicable value specified in paragraph (a) of § 20.101. (2) Each individual under 18 years of age who enters a restricted area under such circumstances that he receives, or is likely to receive, a dose in any calendar quarter in excess of 5 percent of the applicable value specified in paragraph (a) of § 20.101. (3) Each individual who enters a high radiation area. (b) As used in this part, (1) "Personnel monitoring equipment" means devices designed to be worn or carried by an individual for the purpose of measuring the dose received (e.g., film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, film rings, etc.); (2) "Radiation area” means any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists radiation, originating in whole or in part within licensed material, at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any one hour a dose in excess of 5 millirem, or in any 5 consecutive days a dose in excess of 100 millirems; (3) "High radiation area” means any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists radiation originating in whole or in part within licensed material at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any one hour a dose in excess of 100 millirem. § 20.203 nals. Caution signs, labels, and sig (a) General. (1) Except as otherwise authorized by the Commission, symbols prescribed by this section shall use the conventional radiation caution colors (magenta or purple on yellow background). The symbol prescribed by this section is the conventional three-bladed design: RADIATION SYMBOL 1. Cross-hatched area is to be magenta or purple. 2. Background is to be yellow. 60° A - (2) In addition to the contents of signs and labels prescribed in this section, licensees may provide on or near such signs and labels any additional information which may be appropriate in aiding individuals to minimize exposure to radiation or to radioactive material. (b) Radiation areas. Each radiation area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the words: CAUTION 1 RADIATION AREA (c) High radiation areas. (1) Each high radiation area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the words: CAUTION 1 HIGH RADIATION AREA (2) Each high radiation area shall be equipped with a control device which shall either cause the level of radiation to be reduced below that at which an individual might receive a dose of 100 millirem in one hour upon entry into the area or shall energize a conspicuous visible or audible alarm signal in such a manner that the individual entering and the licensee or a supervisor of the activity are made aware of the entry. In the case of a high radiation area established for a period of 30 days or less, such control device is not required. (1) (d) Airborne radioactivity areas. As used in the regulations in this part, "airborne radioactivity area" means (i) any room, enclosure, or operating area in which airborne radioactive materials, composed wholly or partly of licensed material, exist in concentrations in excess of the amounts specified in Appendix B, Table I, Column 1 of this part; or (ii) any room, enclosure, or operating area in which airborne radioactive material composed wholly or partly of licensed material exists in concentrations which, averaged over the number of hours in any week during which individuals are in the area, exceed 25 percent of the amounts specified in Appendix B, Table I, Column 1 of this part. (2) Each airborne radioactivity area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the words: CAUTION 1 AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY AREA (e) Additional requirements. (1) Each area or room in which licensed material is used or stored and which contains any radioactive material (other than natural uranium or thorium) in an amount exceeding 10 times the quantity of such material specified in Appendix C of this part shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the words: CAUTION 1 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL(S) (2) Each area or room in which natural uranium or thorium is used or stored in an amount exceeding onehundred times the quantity specified in Appendix C of this part shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the words: CAUTION 1 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL(S) (f) Containers. (1) Except as provided in subparagraph (3) of this para 1 Or "Danger". graph, each container of licensed material shall bear a durable, clearly visible label identifying the radioactive contents. (2) A label required pursuant to subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall bear the radiation caution symbol and the words "CAUTION, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL" or "DANGER, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL". It shall also provide sufficient information to permit individuals handling or using the containers, or working in the vicinity thereof, to take precautions to avoid or minimize exposures. 2 (3) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, labeling is not required: (i) For containers that do not contain licensed materials in quantities greater than the applicable quantities listed in Appendix C of this part. (ii) For containers containing only natural uranium or thorium in quantities no greater than 10 times the applicable quantities listed in Appendix C of this part. (iii) For containers that do not contain licensed materials in concentrations greater than the applicable concentrations listed in Column 2, Table I, Appendix B of this part. (iv) For containers when they are attended by an individual who takes the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to radiation or radioactive materials in excess of the limits established by the regulations in this part. (v) For containers when they are in transport and packaged and labeled in accordance with regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission, Federal Aviation Agency, or Coast Guard. 3 (vi) For containers which are accessible only to individuals authorized to handle or use them, or to work in the vicinity thereof, provided that the contents are identified to such individuals by a readily available written record. 2 As appropriate, the information will include radiation levels, kinds of material, estimate of activity, date for which activity is estimated, mass enrichment, etc. 3 For example, containers in locations such as water-filled canals, storage vaults, or hot cells. (a) A room or area is not required to be posted with a caution sign because of the presence of a sealed source provided the radiation level twelve inches from the surface of the source container or housing does not exceed five millirem per hour. (b) Rooms or other areas in hospitals are not required to be posted with caution signs because of the presence of patients containing byproduct material provided that there are personnel in attendance who shall take the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to radiation or radioactive material in excess of the limits established in the regulations in this part. (c) Caution signs are not required to be posted at areas or rooms containing radioactive materials for periods of less than eight hours provided that (1) the materials are constantly attended during such periods by an individual who shall take the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to radiation or radioactive materials in excess of the limits established in the regulations in this part and; (2) such area or room is subject to the licensee's control. (d) A room or other area is not required to be posted with a caution sign because of the presence of radioactive materials packaged and labeled in accordance with regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission, Federal Aviation Agency, or Coast Guard. [25 F.R. 10914, Nov. 17, 1960, as amended at 31 F.R. 10515, Aug. 5, 1966] § 20.206 Instruction of personnel; posting of notices to employees. (a) All individuals working in or frequenting any portion of a restricted area shall be informed of the occurrence of radioactive materials or of radiation in such portions of the restricted area; shall be instructed in the safety problems associated with exposure to such materials or radiation and in precautions or procedures to minimize expo sure; shall be instructed in the applicable provisions of Commission regulations and licenses for the protection of personnel from exposures to radiation or radioactive materials; and shall be advised of reports of radiation exposure which employees may request pursuant to these regulations. (b) Each licensee shall post a current copy of the regulations in this part, a copy of the license, and a copy of operating procedures applicable to work under the license conspicuously in a sufficient number of places in every establishment where employees are employed in activities licensed by the Commission to permit them to observe such documents on the way to or from their place of employment or shall keep such documents available for employees' examination upon request. (c) Form AEC-3, "Notice to Employees", shall be conspicuously posted in a sufficient number of places in every establishment where employees are employed in activities licensed by the Commission to permit employees working in or frequenting any portion of a restricted area to observe a copy on the way to or from their place of employment. NOTE: Copies of Form AEC-3, "Notice to Employees," may be obtained by writing to the Director of the appropriate U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Regional Compliance Office listed in Appendix "D" or the Director, Division of Materials Licensing, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., 20545. [25 F.R. 10914, Nov. 17, 1960, as amended at 25 F.R. 13953, Dec. 30, 1960; 31 F.R. 4669, Mar. 19, 1966] § 20.207 Storage of licensed materials. Licensed materials stored in an unrestricted area shall be secured against unauthorized removal from the place of storage. |