him to dispense you from being obliged to seek your daily bread like the least of us." "No," said Mohammed, "I will make no such request; my duty is only to preach!" "Well, then, let thy Lord cause the heavens to fall upon us, as thou sayest he can; but we will not believe thee."

Article Sixth is a spirited sketch of the achievements of the American Navy during the late Civil War, with an ample admission of the great developments made by American genius in the art of naval warfare. It admits, in regard to the Miantonimah, now in British waters, that "it must be confessed that there is not a vessel in the British navy which could destroy her by gun. nery, or which she could not destroy." The article concludes with the following paragraph:

We in England, if entering into a struggle for that supremacy of the seas which involves the preservation of our own coasts from danger, and the protec tion of a vast and wide-spread commerce, must look to meeting not a raw seceding province, but powers who are ready to attack, and will allow us brief space to prepare. A sufficient fleet must in such event be ready, not waiting the chances of a hurried creation. Be then the shock what it may, we doubt not it would be met by hearts as brave, by heads as cool, and arms as skillful, as those of the seamen whose exploits we have here briefly traced. The jealousies of a day, we trust, will die, while common blood and language will create new ties; and Englishmen who desire this, will not be slow to recognize as worthy successors of our own great naval chieftains, those names which now fill with pride the hearts of our kinsfolk on the other side of the Atlantic.

This is a painfully elaborated compliment, standing in striking contrast with the unmeasured insolence of this same periodical during our terrible trial. We think that Americans of the present generation are no way proud of the relationship to such "kinsfolk." We did once suppose that there was a true sympathy in their spirit with us; but under all its professed display, the experiment shows that there lay in the heart, certainly, of the oligarchic classes, both political and intellectual, a perfect readiness for our destruction at the arrival of opportunity. Nothing can obliterate that historical fact. Not such, however, is the American feeling against the English people. There is one result, for which the key-note is already sounding, which will harmonize us. "MANHOOD SUFFRAGE" (which is yet to reconcile our own sections) will make the two nations brothers.

German Reviews.

ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE THEOLOGIE, (JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL THEOLOGY.) 1. PREGER, Critical Studies on Master Eckhart. 2. DR. LOCHNER, Letters from the Abbess Sabina to her Brother Willibald Pirkheimer. 3. DR. HAHN, Pope Innocent III. and the Canonical Law. 4. KLEMME, Sects within the Evangelical Church.

STUDIEN UND KRITIKEN. (Theological Essays and Reviews.) 1860. Fourth Number.-1. ZAHN, Papias of Hieropolis. 2. HAUCK, On Galatians iii, 20. 3. BINDSEIL, Remarks on Luther's "Tischreden." 4. KOSTLIN, Review of Dr. F. C. BAUR's Lectures on New Testament Theology. 5. HAUCK, Review of Ohly "Pastoral Journal for the Evangelical Church." 6. MERZ, The Basel Missionary Society.

In the discussion on the authenticity of the books of the New Testament the testimony of Papias is of particular importance, as he was one of the earliest of the post-apostolic writers. But important as his testimony is, little is known of the man and of his work, of which only a few fragments have been preserved. It was, therefore, well worth the while to make "Papias of Hierapolis, his Historical Position, his Work, and his Testimony on the Gos pels," the subject of a monograph, as has been done, in the first article of the above number of the Studien, by Th. Zahn, a "Repetent" at the University of Gottingen. As regards the history of Papias, the author of the article finds that he was born about 80 A. D., and grew up at Ephesus, together with his friend Polycarp, in the company of the aged apostle John. In the same city he had undoubtedly an opportunity to see other disciples of Christ, and to learn from them and commit to memory whatever they had to relate of Jesus. Soon after he must have gone to Hierapolis, for there he still met the daughters of the evangelist Philip, who, as early as the year 60 A. D. were called Tapdévo, (virgins.) This accords with a statement in the ancient chronicles, which state that Papias flourished as bishop in the times of Trajan. He continued his episcopal functions until the beginning of the reign of Marc Aurelius, when he died, after an episcopacy of nearly fifty years, probably a little before his friend Polycarp. His work, which was entitled Λογιων κυριακων εξηγησεως συγγραμματα, (Commentary to the Words of the Lord,) was probably compiled about the year 140.

The last article of the above number contains a very interesting history of the Basel Missionary Society. This society was the first among the German foreign missionary societies, and is still the largest. Four of its mission fields belong among the most interesting and most prosperous of Protestant Christianity. Its missionary seminary is probably the largest and the model establishment of the Protestant world. The history of this society is a most important contribution to the history of the propagation of Christianity in pagan countries during the nineteenth century. The missionary seminary had in January, 1865, eighty-eight pupils among whom were eight Armenians, one East Indian, one Chi

nese. From 1816 the society has sent out four hundred and fortyone missionaries. It has in pagan countries three consistories, together with 6,032 congregations. Its total receipts from 1820 to 1865 were 12,000,000 francs. The whole sketch, extending over eighty pages, is an interesting contribution, to the history of Protestant missions.

French Reviews.

REVUE DES DEUX MONDES.-May 1.-3. REVILLE, The Gospels before Modern Criticism. (First Article, The Fourth Gospel.) 5. TAINE, Italy and Italian Life. (Tenth Article, Venice and Venetian Painting.) 6. BLERZY, The War of Bhotan. 7. COCHUT, The Finances of the Italian Kingdom and the Papal Finances.

May 15.-2. TAINE, Italy and Italian Life. (Eleventh Article, Lombardy, Verona, Milan, and the Lakes.) 3. RECLUS, Natural Sentiment in Modern Society. 4. MME. DORA D'ISTRIA, The Albanians on both sides of the Adriatic, and the Albanian Nationality. 5. LEVEQUE, The Last Struggle of Paganism, the Reformers and the Martyrs of the Greek Religion.

June 1.-3. REVILLE, The Gospels before Modern Criticism. (Second Article, The Synoptical Gospels.) 7. CHEVALIER, The War and the European Crisis.

June 15.-1. ESQUIROS, England and English Life. (Thirtieth Article, English Missionaries.) 6. BOISSIER, Christianism and Christian Life in Gaul, according to Inscriptions prior to the Eighth Century.

July 1.-3. RENAN, Joachim de Flore and the "Everlasting Gospel." 5. MAURY, The Roman Roads in Italy and in Gaul.

July 15.-3. X. RAYMOND, The War of 1866. 4. NINET, The Cultivation of Cotton in Egypt and in India-Free Labor in the United States. UNDOUBTEDLY one of the most remarkable religious movements of the middle ages was the sect which, claiming to be followers of the Abbot Joachim de Flore, pretended to reform the Church and the world by inaugurating, in the place of the Christian era, which they believed to have come to an end, the era of the Holy Ghost. Two books, called "The Everlasting Gospel," and the "Introduc tion of the Everlasting Gospel," were considered the principal works of the sect. M. Renan, in a prefatory note to this article, informs us, that in 1852, when he held an appointment in the Imperial library, he was requested by Victor Le Clerc, the Dean of the Faculty of Letters of Paris, who in the twenty-fourth volume of the Histoire Littéraire de France, had to speak of the "Everlasting Gospel," to find out what the manuscripts of the Imperial library contained on this question. Some time before his death M. le Clerc returned to M. Renan the essay which he had on that

occasion compiled, and authorized him to publish it. To those who take an interest in the Church history of the middle ages the subject is of absorbing interest. M. Renan first gives an account of the Abbot Joachim and his works, printed as well as manuscript, genuine and apocryphal. Joachim was generally regarded in the middle ages, and also by most of modern writers, as the author of the "Everlasting Gospel," a secret book, which it was thought was destined to supplant the doctrines of Christ. After examining all the works which were ascribed to Joachim by his contemporaries, M. Renan arrives at these conclusions:

1. The "Everlasting Gospel" denoted, in the opinion of the thirteenth century, a doctrine ascribed to the Abbot Joachim concerning the inauguration of a third religious era, which was to follow the gospel of Christ, and to serve as the final law for mankind. 2. This doctrine is but vaguely contained in the genuine writings of Joachim, who contents himself with comparing the Old and the New Testaments, and only casts timid looks upon the future. 3. The name of the Abbot Joachim was, toward the middle of the thirteenth century, made use of by a party of enthusiasts in the Franciscan Order, for their purposes. They made him predict the birth of Francis of Assis and his order, and they ascribed to him, with regard to Francis, a mission like that of John the Baptist with regard to Jesus. Finally, they gave to the doctrine the name of the "Everlasting Gospel." 4. This name, in the opinion of most who heard it or used it, did not designate a partic ular book, but a doctrine. 5. Nevertheless, in a restricted sense, the name of "Everlasting Gospel" was also given to a collection of the chief works of Joachim. 6. Distinct from this collection was the "Introduction to the Everlasting Gospel," a middle-sized work which was compiled, or at least made public, in the year 1254, by Gerard de Borgo San-Donnino. 7. This Introduction was the preface of an abridged edition of the works of Joachim, accompanied with notes by Gerard. These two works, composed under the joint name of the "Everlasting Gospel," were referred in 1254, by the Bishop of Paris, to the Pope, and condemned by a Papal commission at Anagni in 1255. 8. The original of the "Introduction into the Everlasting Gospel" is lost, but its doctrine has been preserved to us in the acts of the Assembly of Anagni, and in the other censures which were pronounced against the Everlasting Gospel. Church historians will have to examine whether these conclusions can be accepted; but the article is at all events valu. able for its copious extracts from the manuscripts of Paris, for its full statement of the doctrine of the Everlasting Gospel, and for

its information on the reformatory party among the Franciscans, and on the history of the Joachimists. Copious extracts are also given of the Chronicles of Brother Salimbene, a Joachimist, which was for the first time published at Parma, in 1857, and sheds much light on the history of this religious movement.

ART. XI.-QUARTERLY BOOK-TABLE.

Religion, Theology, and Biblical Literature.

Natural Theology; or, The Existence, Attributes, and Government of God, including the Obligations and Duties of Men; Demonstrated by Arguments drawn from the Phenomena of Nature. By LUTHER LEE, D.D., Professor of Theology and Biblical Literature in Adrian College, Michigan. 24mo., pp. 186. Syracuse: Wesleyan Publishing House. 1866. DR. LEE was, before the rise of the antislavery controversy, a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, remarkable for his pulpit ability and rare argumentative vigor. To his work on Universalism our own young manhood owed great aid and obligation in forming sound opinions. The present manual is an outline of the standard argument of natural theology, constructed by the learned author as a text-book for instruction. It presents the argument with great clearness of logic, in an admirable order, and with brevity, clearness, compactness, and force. It is written in a grave, firm style of pure transparent thought, without the slightest hue of imagination. The manual is of course too brief to meet the atheistic argument as presented in its modern form by Herbert Spencer and the school to which he belongs. Its value consists in the clear outline of the primitive argument.

The Home Life: In the Light of its Divine Idea. By JAMES BALDWIN BROWN, B. A., Minister of Clayland's Chapel, Clapham Road, London. Author of "The Divine Life in Man," etc. 16mo., pp. 327. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

BALDWIN BROWN is one of the most impressive writers and preachers of the British pulpit. His sentences are brilliant bolts, and his paragraphs are batteries of telling home truths. His theology is in fact, on most points, eminently coincident with that of our own Church. We trust the Appletons will publish his whole series.